Free Essays on Japan Culture

Japan, which is located in the Pacific Ocean off the coast of the Asian Continent, is a nation composed of almost 7,000 islands, many are small. The four main islands are Hokkaido, Honshu, Shikoku, and Kyushu. Japan has the seventh largest population in the world. With approximately 125 million inhabitants, the only countries with a higher population are China, India, the United States, Indonesia, and Brazil. The population which is about half of the United States, lives on only 1/25 as much total land mass, this computes to being one of the highest population densities in the world. These conditions reflect in the Japanese cultural values and their desire for being a collective society. The Japanese style of conducting business differs greatly from the western model. It has grown out of the nation’s unique history cultured philosophy. The Japanese people are isolated in an island nation’s unique history, culture, and philosophy. The island nation is under constant bombardment by the harsh forces of nature, have traditionally placed a strong emphasis on working together as a group in order to survive. Their culture is deeply influenced by Confucianism, with its rigid rules governing conduct and its emphasis on trust, consensus, and hierarchy. These ancient roots have influenced every aspect of Japanese business; from the way formal meetings are conducted to the importance placed on after-hours socializing. It has shaped a business culture in which long-term, mutually beneficial relationships are of paramount importance. By understanding and adapting to this business culture, Western executives eager to do business in Japan will be able to be enlightene d to be more productive associations with their Japanese colleagues and will increase the probability of achieving the goals of their meetings there. It is important to understand the role of the female entertainer in Japanese culture. That is why the Geisha has a specific role. ... Free Essays on Japan Culture Free Essays on Japan Culture Japan, which is located in the Pacific Ocean off the coast of the Asian Continent, is a nation composed of almost 7,000 islands, many are small. The four main islands are Hokkaido, Honshu, Shikoku, and Kyushu. Japan has the seventh largest population in the world. With approximately 125 million inhabitants, the only countries with a higher population are China, India, the United States, Indonesia, and Brazil. The population which is about half of the United States, lives on only 1/25 as much total land mass, this computes to being one of the highest population densities in the world. These conditions reflect in the Japanese cultural values and their desire for being a collective society. The Japanese style of conducting business differs greatly from the western model. It has grown out of the nation’s unique history cultured philosophy. The Japanese people are isolated in an island nation’s unique history, culture, and philosophy. The island nation is under constant bombardment by the harsh forces of nature, have traditionally placed a strong emphasis on working together as a group in order to survive. Their culture is deeply influenced by Confucianism, with its rigid rules governing conduct and its emphasis on trust, consensus, and hierarchy. These ancient roots have influenced every aspect of Japanese business; from the way formal meetings are conducted to the importance placed on after-hours socializing. It has shaped a business culture in which long-term, mutually beneficial relationships are of paramount importance. By understanding and adapting to this business culture, Western executives eager to do business in Japan will be able to be enlightene d to be more productive associations with their Japanese colleagues and will increase the probability of achieving the goals of their meetings there. It is important to understand the role of the female entertainer in Japanese culture. That is why the Geisha has a specific role. ...

Banking and Business Abbreviations for English Learners

Banking and Business Abbreviations for English Learners Its common in banking and business to use abbreviations for a wide range of specific business expressions. Youll find each expression followed by the appropriate abbreviations below. Remember that abbreviations and acronyms are used differently in English. Abbreviations are used to replace words or expressions while acronyms simply take the first letter of each word. Its true that some abbreviations are acronyms, but not all. Common Banking and Business Abbreviations Against all risks a.a.r.Account a/cAccount current A/CAccommodation ACC/ACCOMAccount acct.Actual cash value a.c.v.After date a.d.Addition/Additional add.Advise adv.Air freight bill a.f.b.Agency agcy.Agent agt.Air mail transfer a.m.t.Account of a/oAccounts payable A.P.Authority to pay A/PAccounts receivable A.R.All risks a/rArrive/Arriving arr.Arrange/Arrangement/Arranging arr/arrng.Approximate/Approximately approx.Account sales A/S, A.S.At sight a/sAs soon as possible asapAttention attn.Atomic weight at. wt.Average av.Actual weight a/wAir waybill a.w.b.Balance bal.Barrel bar.Barrel bbl.Brought down b/dBill of exchange B/E, b/eBrought forward b/fBefore bfor.Bill of health B.H.Bank bk.Brokerage bkge.Bill of lading B/LBrought over b/oBills payable B.P.By procuration b.p.Bills receivable B.R.Balance sheet B/SBerth terms b.t.Bushel bu.Book value B/VCirca: centaire ca.Chartered accountant C.A. Current account c.a.Cash against documents C.A.D.Cash book C.B.Cash before delivery C.B.D.Carbon copy c.c.Carried down c/dCum dividend c.d.Carried forward c/fCompare cfCost and freight c fClearing house C/HCustom house C.H.Charges forward ch. fwd.Charges paid ch. pd.Charges prepaid ch. ppd.Cheque, check chq.Cost, insurance, freight c. i. f.Cost, insurance, freight and commission c.i.f. c.Cost, insurance, freight, and interest c.i.f. i.Car load c.l.Call of more C/mCredit note C/NCare of c/oCompany co.Cash on delivery C.O.D.Commission comm.Corporation corp.Cash on shipment C.O.S.Carriage paid C.P.Charter party C/PCharters pay duties c.p.d.Corporation cpn.Credit; creditor cr.Cable transfer C/TConstructive total loss c.t.l.Constructive total loss only c.t.l.o.Cumulative cum.Cum dividend cum div.Cumulative preference cum. pref.Commercial weight c/wCash with order C.W.O.Hundredweight cwt.Documents against acceptance; deposit account D/A Documents against payment DAPDebenture db.Deferred def.Department dept.Dead freight d.f.Draft dft.Draft attached dtf/a.Clean draft dft/c.Discount disc.Dividend div.Dayletter DLDaily letter telegram DLTDebit note D/NDelivery order D/ODitto do.Dozen doz.Documents against payment D/PDebtor dr.Doctor Dr.Days after sight d/s, d.s.Deadweight d.w.Dock warrant D/WPennyweight dwt.Dozen dz.European Currency Unit ECUEast European Time E.E.T.For example e.g.Enclosure encl.Endorsement end.Errors and omissions excepted E. O.E.End of month e.o.m.Except otherwise herein provided e.o.h.p.Especially esp.Esquire Esq.Established est.Out exex coupon ex cp.Ex dividend ex div.ex interest ex. int.ex new (shares) ex h.ex store ex stre.ex wharf ex whf.Free of all average f.a.a.Fast as can f.a.c.Freight all kinds f.a.k.Fair average quality; free alongside quay f.a.q.Frequently asked questions F.a.q.Free alongside ship f.a.s. For cash f/cFree of capture and seizure f.c. s.Free of capture, seizure, riots, and civil commotion f.c.s.r. c.c.Free delivery to dock F.D.Free discharge f.d.Following; folios ff.Free of general average f.g.a.Free in bunker f.i.b.Free in and out f.i.o.Free in truck f.i.t.Free on board f.o.b.Free of charge f.o.c.Free of damage f.o.d.Following; folio fol.Free on quay f.o.q.Free on rail f.o.r.Free on streamer f.o.s.Free on truck(s) f.o.t.Free on wagons; free on wharf f.o.w.Floating policy F.P.Fully paid f.p.Free of particular average f.p.a.Freight frt.Freight paid frt. pd.Freight prepaid frt. ppd.Freight forward frt. fwd.Foot ft.Forward fwd.Foreign exchange f.x.General average g.a.Goods in bad order g.b.o.Good merchantable brand g.m.b.Good merchantable quality g.m.q.Greenwich Mean Time G.M.T.Gross national product GNPGood ordinary brand g.o.b.Gross gr.Gross register ton GRTGross weight gr. wt.Gross tonnage GT Home consumption h.c.Height hgt.Hogshead hhd.Head office H.O.Hire purchase H.P.Horsepower HPHeight ht.Integrated data processing IDPThat is i.e.Insufficient funds I/FIndicated horsepower i.h.p.Import imp.Incorporated Inc.Inclusive incl.Interest int.Invoice inv.I owe you I.O.U.Joint account J/A, j.a.Junior Jr.Kilovolt KVKilowat KWKilowatt hour KWhLetter of credit L/C, l.c.Telegram in the language of the country of destination LCDTelegram in the language of the country of origin LCOLanding; loading ldg.Long ton l.t.Limited Ltd.Long ton l. tn.Month m.My account m/aMaximum max.Memorandum of deposit M.D.Months after date M/D, m.d.Memorandum memo.Plural of Mr. Messrs.Manufacturer mfr.Minimum min.Minimum lending rate MLRMoney order M.O.My order m.o.Mortgage mortg.Months after payment M/P, m.p.Mates receipt M/RMonths sight M/S, m.s.Mail transfer M.T.Making-up price M/UName; noiminal n.No account n/a No advice N/ANo commercial value n.c.v.No date n.d.Not elsewhere specified n.e.s.No funds N/FNight letter NLNo noting N/NNo orders N/ONumber no.Not otherwise enumerated n.o.e.Numbers nos.No par value NPVNumber nr.Net register ton n.r.t.Not sufficient funds N/SNot sufficient funds NSFNet weight n. wt.On account o/aOverseas common point OCPOn demand; overdraft O/D, o/dOmissions excepted o.e.Overhead o/hOr nearest offer ono.Order of O/oOpen policy O.P.Out of print; overproof o.p.Owners risk O/R, o.r.Order, ordinary ord.Out of stock O.S., o/sOvertime OTPage; per: premium p.Particular average: per annum P.A., p.a.Power of attorney; private account P/APhase alternation line PALPatent-pending pat. pend.Pay as you earn PAYEPetty cash p/cPecent; price current p.c.Parcel pcl.Paid pd.Preferred pf.Package pkg.Profit and loss P/LPartial loss p.l.Promissory note P/NPost office; postal order P.O.Post office box P.O.B. Post office order P.O.O.Pay on return p.o.r.Pages pp.Postage and packing p pPer procuration p. proPrepaid ppd.Prompt ppt.Preference pref.Proximo prox.Postscript P.S.Payment pt.Please turn over P.T.O., p.t.o.Partly paid ptly. pd.Par value p.v.Quality qulty.Quantity qty.Riot and civil commotions r. c.c.Refer to drawer R/DRunning down clause R.D.C.In regard to   reReceived; receipt rec.Received recd.Redeemable red.Reference ref.Registered reg.Returned retd.Revenue rev.Refused on delivery   R.O.D.Reply paid R.P.Revolutions per second r.p.s.Please reply RSVPRight side up with care R.S.W.C.Railway RyStamped addressed envelope s.a.e.Stock at valuation S.A.V.Sea damaged S/DSight draft S/D, s.d.Without date s.d.Special drawing rights SDRSigned sgd.Sundays and holidays excepted s. h. exShipment shipt.Signature sig.Sue and labor clause S/LC, s l.c.Shiping note S/NSellers option s.o.Standard operating procedure s.o.p. Spot spt.Senior Sr.Steamship S.S., s.s.Short ton s.t.Sterling ster.Stock exchange St. Ex.Sterling stg.Sub voce s.v.Telegraphic address T.A.Trial balance T.B.Telephone tel.Temporary secretary temp.Total loss T.L., t.l.Total loss only T.L.O.Multiple telegram TMTurn over T.O.Transfer tr.Telegram to be called for TRTrust receipt TR, T/RTelegraphic transfer (cable) TT, T.T.Telex TXUrgent UGTUnder separate cover u.s.c.Underwriters U/wsVolt v.Value val.Value-added tax v.a.t.Very good vg.Very high frequency VHFVery highly recommended v.h.r.Wat w.With average WAWaybill W.B.Without charge w.c.West European Time W.E.T.Weight guaranteed wg.Warehouse whse.With other goods w.o.g.Weather permitting; without prejudice W.P.With particular average w.p.a.War risk W.R.Warehouse receipt W/R, wr.Weather working day W.W.D.Weight wt.ex coupon x.c.ex dividend x.d.ex interest x.i.ex new shares x.n.Year y.Yard yd. Year yr.Yearly yrly.

Race and Community Personal Statement Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Race and Community - Personal Statement Example Racism in the United States of America, in my opinion, is not something that should surprise anybody. It is not because of any kind of ignorance of the government, it is because of the wide variety of people who inhabit this side of the world. When collection of this kind of variety is brought into a conflict, they are bound to form schemas and mental shortcuts that end up depicting in racial attitude towards certain race and community. Racism against many communities such as the African Americans was first evident in the political and law making bodies previously before the human rights associations intervened. It is now condemned on all levels; however, still practiced on many. Over the years, events have occurred, that have helped fuel the fury of racism in the minds and hearts of people all around the world. The situation is not different in the United States which boasts a sound political and culturally balanced system; a country that welcomes everybody. Since the acts of terrorism have been successful in creating a sense of terror in everybody around the world, the acts portraying racism against certain classes have aggravated. I, being a Muslim, can relate to the feeling of differentiation along the social and ethnic lines. Proud to be an American, I have also faced various racial interactions over my life. I have lived in this country for more than 10 years now; migrated here when I was 10 years old. Therefore, I have been fully exposed to the difference in attitudes of fellow American before and after the 9/11. The traumatic turn of events have altered the mind sets of the common American towards certain races and classes and sadly, my race is one of them. Even after being in a foreign country, I have been following the rules and guidance that Islam has prescribed about the wearing 'Hijab'. For those who don't know the exact interpretation, it has its tangible and intangible aspects. The tangible aspects are covering the parts of the body including the hair, that make a women look beautiful in the eyes of others. The intangible part extends to the fact that with the covering should accompany the morality, modesty and privacy. Post the 9/11 events, I did not face many problems; did not feel eyes following me wherever I went, be it a restaurant or my educational institution. I can call myself a modern Muslim girl, who under the limits prescribed by the 'hijab', wore western clothes such as jeans and t-shirts which were considered taboo by many in my society. However, my community had always been very supportive of it. Many Muslim residing in my vicinity did follow hijab, a considerable number did not. As the Indians and Sikhs are also be longing from the same geographical location South Asia, without the hijab, we all looked the same. We congregated, celebrated our differences with great fervor. The Hindus celebrated the Eid with us; the Diwali was equally celebrated by all. This behavior was not confined to members of our community. We had almost Black Americans, Hispanics; all integrating and celebrating different occasions relating to the various back grounds that we were related too.9/11 changes the scenario of the world; the way people thought about others changed, the way people interacted changed, everything changed. This might sound a little clich but my friends outside the circle of Islam posed questioning looks at me about my dressing, their behavior towards me

Attraction and Mate Selection Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Attraction and Mate Selection - Essay Example Grochowski, 2006). No society encourages its members to select spouse with complete freedom. Moreover the problem with the kin marriage is that it can lead to undesirable genetic consequences in offspring which increases the chances of death before they even grow up. Exogamy is influenced by factors such as size, diversity and sex ratio of the community; it is thought that marriage is an institution that functions to preserve race, class, education and social distinction. The society in which a person lives determines its mate selection; some societies consider people who are related by birth and some consider people who live together in same households, other societies by adoption, marriage or clan. Wikes et al. further states that, in most of the societies a person marries outside one's nuclear family (exogamy) but is encouraged to marry to a member of one's own class, race or religion (endogamy). Thus exogamous group is small and endogamous group is large. In some societies both t hese groups can be equal too as when they are divided into clans and lineages. (2006) Sociological factors also play their part in mate selection. Looking at the homogamy theory, which supports the idea that like is attracted to like, thus people are more likely to choose a mate who is similar to them in many dimensions. "Homogamy theory states that people select mates who are like them in physical characteristics such as height and weight and psychological characteristics including intelligence, interest, attitude, values and personality" (Daniel T. Gilbert, Susan T. Fiske, Gardner Lindzey, 1998). In most of the families it is assumed that their children will marry within same race, status, religious affiliation and ethnic group. People usually search mates within their own race; norms with respect to race are strongly adhered to. Gilbert et al further explains that religion also plays an important part in this selection, in the orthodox, Jewish communities if the son or daughter married outside they were considered dead. People are said to be in same social class if they have similar education, occupation and occupational background. So with similar life experiences they share similar views and thus associate together in similar style of living. People prefer to marry in same socio-economic groups. Age also counts in mate selection as mostly a few years age difference is expected and the husband is considered to be older then wife in most of the societies. These are few common characteristics which people choose in making their mate selection. Psychological factors play an important part in mate selection. "The complementary needs theory states that two need are complimentary if one partners need also satisfies the need of other; for e.g. one enjoys being submissive and other dominant" (Chris Segrin, Jeanne Flora, 2005). The complimentary interaction between the two partners increases their attractiveness to each

Narrative of the Life of Frederick Douglass Essay Example for Free

Narrative of the Life of Frederick Douglass Essay In the book, Narrative of the Life of Frederick Douglass, an American Slave, Douglass chronicles his slave life during the mid 1800s. By informing his readership of the realities and cruelties of slavery, Douglass’ seeks to persuade Northerners to become involved in the abolitionist movement. He accomplishes this purpose by delivering his message throughout the entirety of the book slavery is harmful to all participants – with the effective utilization of ethos, logos, and pathos. The trio works to support his thesis, and this support therefore aids Douglass’ overall purpose. Although each of the argumentative devices is effective, the most powerful component is pathos, which is a quality that evokes pity or sadness. Unlike ethos or logos, pathos speaks directly to the readers, in this case the North, and profoundly influences their emotions and thoughts on the issue of slavery. Therefore, pathos is the most effective strategy in Douglass’ narrative because it accomplishes the author’s purpose by sufficiently delivering his message, through the manipulation of emotions to Northern readers. Ethos is without a doubt an apparent strategy throughout Douglass’ narrative; in fact, the entire book is ethos. Douglass’ life was, at the time, living proof of the cruelties of slavery. He takes advantage of this fact in his narrative and describes almost every detail, being sure to leave out names whom he did not intend to offend or embarrass, and brings to reality the treatment of slaves in the 1800s. In addition, Douglass incorporates references to the Bible, often relating slaves’ lives to peoples’ lives in Biblical times. For example, â€Å"My friend Nathan Johnson (of whom I can say with a grateful heart, ‘I was hungry, and he gave me meat; I was thirsty, and he gave me drink; I was a stranger, and he took me in’).† This is a reference to Matthew 25:35, which discusses the importance of caring for others, even strangers. Douglass includes this passage to compare Nathan Johnson to a humble, selfless man that would care for anyone. Furthermore, the reference supports Douglass’ credibility as an educated man of God and a reliable non-fiction author. Just because he was once a slave, ignorant of freedom and all its blessings, including education, it did not stop him from brilliantly writing his narrative through which he sufficiently proves his credibility by means of correct grammar, references to the Bible and other highly respected pieces of literature, and the simple fact that he was once a slave and therefore contains the most reliable information. However, ethos is not the most effective strategy on his readers; it does not support his purpose or meaning as much as pathos does. Logos is also a strategy used throughout the entirety of the book, simply because it is a narrative of Douglass’ life, therefore it must be composed of non-fiction occurrences. He includes as much detail as he can, but he leaves out particular names and happenings in order to prevent embarrassment of the individual or even potential consequences. Despite his restrictions, Douglass still includes amazing thoroughness and accuracy. For example, â€Å"I left Master Thomas’s house, and went to live with Mr. Covey, on the 1st of January, 1833.† He uses three specific details in one tiny sentence, which just shows the reader his incredible memory and accuracy. Although his precision within the book is rather impressive to the Northern readers, the simple facts do not supply them with Douglass’ deeper meaning, that slavery is harmful to all participants. Rather, logos gives the readers the direct happenings of his slave life, but it does not reach out to the Northerners’ emotions, humans’ weakness and main influence to take action, to the extent pathos does. Pathos is a strategy in argument that aims to draw pity or sadness from the audience or reader, and it is often the most persuasive tool to accomplish a purpose. In Narrative of the Life of Frederick Douglass, an American Slave, Douglass uses a generous amount of pathos in order to persuade his Northern readers to become involved in the abolitionist movement. He accomplishes this purpose by including sad incidences he saw or experienced himself. For example, Douglass tells the story of his Aunt Hester being punished with a whipping, â€Å"He commenced to lay on the heavy cowskin, and soon the warm, red blood†¦came dripping to the floor. I was so terrified†¦that I hid myself in a closet.† This description of the first time he saw someone whipped is drawn out in detail purposefully; Douglass wants the reader to engage in the narrative and let his/her emotions drive them toward pity for slaves and hatred of slavery. He includes many other descriptions like this, but they all have the same purpose. Emotion drives many peoples’ actions, and Douglass wants to persuade his Northern audience to become active in the abolitionist movement by letting their emotion take over. Pathos also brings out the meaning of the essay; by explaining cruel experiences, Douglass includes proof of his meaning, that slavery is harmful to both the slave and the slaveholder. Northerners are persuaded by this meaning and affected by the traumatic incidences in the book, and are driven to involve themselves in the move to abolish slavery. Pathos is therefore the most effective strategy that encourages Northern readers to follow through with Douglass’ purpose. Douglass utilizes ethos, logos, and pathos in a brilliant way, but it is acceptable to claim that pathos had the largest effect on the readers of the North in the 1800s. While ethos and logos give the author credibility and information to discuss, pathos affects the reader directly. It becomes tiresome to hear of straightforward facts, like moving from master to master or plantation to plantation. The readers want to hear of excitement, so when Douglass talks about sad topics, it involves the reader, as well as affects their opinion of slavery. By taking advantage of pathos and the readers’ impressionable emotions, Douglass conveys his message and fulfills his purpose, and therefore, pathos is the most effective strategy in his book. Works Cited Douglass, Frederick, and Houston A. Baker. Narrative of the Life of Frederick Douglass, an American Slave. Harmondsworth, Middlesex, England: Penguin, 1982. Print.

Spirituality and The Second Coming Essay -- Second

Spirituality and The Second Coming      Ã‚  Ã‚   In his eloquent poem "The Second Coming" William Butler Yeats uses word choice and phrase combinations to convey to the reader an understanding of his sentiment of impossibility concerning the fate of spirituality for the human race. His inner conscious is spread out in the poem for the reader to either accompany him in his darkness or to turn their back and continue to believe in their own form of hopefulness in spirituality.    Yeats cleverly hints to the reader his despair in the phrase, "Turning and turning in the widening gyre" (Yeats, Longman p. 2329: 1.). The reader can hear the voice of the poet describing his journey farther and farther from his once cherished center based on religion. His beliefs have been shattered over time. According to the introduction in The Longman Anthology British Literature, "The 1890's in London were heady times for a young poet. Yeats became even more active in his studies of the occult" which was years before he wrote The Second Coming. This interest may have led the poet away from his former religious values. It is possible that because of this turn away from religion the author's basic value system may have been in turmoil at the time of writing The Second Coming.    Yeats drifting away from his religious beliefs may be evidenced in the phrase, "The falcon cannot hear the falconer" which could be interpreted as he can no longer hear the voice of his former God (Yeats, 2). The falcon in this sentence may refer to Yeats himself and the falconer may symbolize his former God. When the author writes, "the center cannot hold" he may be referring to his idea that organized religion can no longer give credence or explanation to his wor... ...s of the words written by Yeats and their possible meanings, the poetry written can surely be considered worthy of placement in the literary cannon not only for the beauty of the work then for the author's ability to raise questions for generations to come.    Works Cited Bressler, Charles E. Literary Criticism. New Jersey. Prentice Hall, 1999. Conrad, Joseph. "Heart of Darkness" The Longman Anthology British Literature. Ed. David Damrosch. Longman. New York. 2000. 2190-2246. Damrosch, David, et al., ed.   The Longman Anthology of British Literature: Vol. B.   Compact ed.   New York: Longman - Addison Wesley Longman, 2000. Scott, Paul. The Jewel in the Crown. University of Chicago Press. Chicago. 1976. Yeats, William, Butler. "The Second Coming." The Longman Anthology British Literature. Ed. David Damrosch. Longman. New York. 2000. 2329.

Influence of Shyness on Personal Development and Happiness Essay

â€Å"I have severe difficulty socializing to others†; â€Å"They think I’m unfriendly but in reality, I do want to connect to them but I don’t really know how†; â€Å"My anxiety always gets in the way, that’s why I’m painfully conscious around people†. These are some of the thoughts shared by people who are shy or those who feel uncomfortable when attention is on them because they are afraid of falling short of the standard of the superficial authority or of their perfectionist expectations on how things are supposed to be. Shyness, regarded as a personal attribute for a person, is also considered to be a psychiatric disease (Lane, 2008). This condition may vary in different degrees to what extent a person would display its symptoms, such as uneasiness and avoiding the things he fears to deal with. It could also be experienced inwardly without showing its complications to others but the one who suffers, when hiding his difficulties, could probably add worries and problems to his psychological self. Unusual situations are the common circumstances that trigger shyness. Also, the person’s environment may contribute to his shyness. If he is psychologically maltreated, there is a high risk that degree of shyness and avoidance to others would increase. But, the deeper root of shyness can be explained by genetics. There has been progress in determining suspected genes involved in personality but only a little development in confirming relationships between these. A gene-linked polymorphic region (5-HTTLPR) is examined and identified to be related with shyness (Ebstein et al. , 2003). According to WHO, embarrassment, excessive shyness, timidity, self consciousness and, social-phobia and lack of self-confidence are also symptoms of a disease called erethism. Erethism is a clinical condition in which appears in cases of mercury poisoning. Moreover, shyness is sometimes inappropriately interchanged with introversion, high sensitivity, social phobia and social anxiety disorder but is much related to the said terms in certain cases. According to Whitten (2001), introversion is not similar to shyness because introverts prefer being alone and are energized with that but they are not anxious in social situations. Unlike with them, the shy, because they fear social encounters, thinks that he has no choice but to avoid socializing which sometimes is not really where his heart at. But, there can be cases that a person would be an introvert and shy at the same time, it is when they are very sensitive to the social environment but it doesn’t matter because they get their energy within their selves not on others. Another term, in which shyness is related, is the social anxiety disorder. Its difference with shyness is, its scope is wider and it includes panic attacks. In relation to shyness, it also brings fear, apprehension or worrying about being evaluated by others in social situations that causes depression to the sufferer. Varying degrees of shyness and as to how the shy handles his trait contributes a lot on what can be the impact of shyness on the person. It is considered harmful when it has been controlling people’s lives because it brings incessant negative evaluation of the self, excessive self-consciousness and negative self-preoccupation that inhibit social confidence. In cases like that, the shyness is needed to be cured or if not, lessened because it hinders the disposition in life of some individuals. Shy people may tend to be unfriendly because they believe they lack social skills and may resort to withdrawal from people. But essentially, they desperately wanted to connect to others and wished to have as many friends as those people who are not shy have. The problem is they appear to be antisocial at times which they do not intend to be. Their socializing attitude might be the root of this one. Carducci (2000) observed that they expect others to get in touch with them and drag them out of isolation. But their efforts are also needed for starting and maintaining relationship to others. Also, being fear of negative judgement and rejection, people who are shy are likely to be afraid of socializing. From this arrangement, it could only lead to individual’s avoidance which causes isolation. Aside from emotional pain brought about by separation from others, this situation may hinder personal development which can be benefited through relation from other people. In social situations, people who are shy are driven to be self-conscious and inhibited in their actions. Perfectionist standards on social performances were set and followed by these people. For example, they tend to feel responsible of the awkwardness sometimes experienced which is not their fault at all. These worries leave room for low self-esteem and shape a negative view of the self. According to Howard (1958), self-esteem contributes a lot to a person’s ability in handling difficult situations because it helps in dealing with problems. It also gives confidence to a person which he will need in achieving his goals. But for shy people who has a high tendency of having insecurity, instead of focusing on their strengths, their weaknesses are given more attention. Acceptance of imperfections is very hard for them, not realizing that all people have vulnerability on their own such as failures, weaknesses and anxieties. Their true capabilities were just left confined and full potentials were not maximized because they were already intimidated by anticipation of failure. Moreover, shy people blame themselves for having no sense of self-efficacy due to low self-esteem. Howard (1958) defined self-efficacy as the belief in self that they can achieve their desired goals. Shy people tend to criticize and evaluate themselves inferior to others. Self-doubts are then established which promotes poor decision-making, weak judgement of things that severely affects one’s life and his disposition. Zimbardo and Radl (1982) described shy people as those who tend to behave in an inhibited manner, such as speaking less of the usual, in the presence of others. They usually hold back their feelings and opinions on certain things preventing them to express themselves. Because of nothingness to say, the shy would then tolerate silence. McMahon and McMahon (1986) told that, â€Å"†¦silence may be perceived as an indicator you do not approve of what’s going on or that you would rather be someplace else†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (p. 225) As a result, many people do no not understand them well and may cost them to miss out of opportunities for social relations. Shy people struggle and find it hard to initiate and maintain conversations. Starting a chat with somebody is usually feared and avoided by a shy person because it is either he is anxious that he has nothing to say or the topic that he will put up would disinterest the other person and that the other would badly evaluate him personally. There is a tendency for the shy to choose topic of conversations that would impress the other. And in the process of overthinking only about the topic, he would forget to be attentive to the actual thing discussed by the two of them because his mind was already drifted away. Also, a shy person is scared to have conversations that suddenly drop like a dead balloon. When this would happen, he would resort to leaving the person he talks to, because he has nothing to say, thus, leaving a bad impression to the other. Shyness can be a serious threat to communication because it brings about distractibility and may interfere thinking processing which were caused by irrelevant thinking reactions which arise from being conscious from social evaluation. Merill (1965) stated that frustration can arise in cases where there is a failure in comprehending someone’s temporary disinterest due to certain circumstances. Also, this can hinder development of essential relationship to others. Self- doubts will be triggered because of depressing situations like this. As a result, a person may tend to avoid this sort of encounter that will only lead to further alienation and despair. Sociability is a human affiliative need that is needed to be nourished. Socializing includes people skills which needs understanding the self and controlling our responses, communicating effectively and empathizing accurately, and most importantly, it provides respect, trust to relationships (Rifkin, 2009). The different benefits of social relations contribute to a healthy well-being of a person. Heider (1958, quoted in Weiss) notes that there are six basic â€Å"provisions of social relations† –the things that are given when in a relationship (p. 232). First is the attachment, the sense of being secured and comfortable which we experience through our closest relationships. Shy people do not have an issue with this one because they reveal their true self in front of people they know and know them very well such as family. Another is social integration which is the sense of having shared interests and attitudes and offers companionship and sense of belongingness to society. For this, shy people find it hard or it takes time to fit into the society due to draw backs. Next is the guidance that we grasp from friends or authorities which we lean on at times when we need an advice that most of shy people are deficient to because they lack certain relations such as relation to some authorities. Sense of reliable alliance, knowing that there are people who will offer their help when emergency arises, and opportunity for nurturance, when our sense of importance and needed is shown while taking care of others, are nurtured through closest relationships. Last is reassurance of worth, it is when others let us feel being valued and looked up to as a competent person which shyness hinders a lot. Concern for others and love we feel from them are the necessities for a person to grow and to have worthy and productive life. Without these, a person may suffer emotional depression. (Corey, 1986) Most of shy people were likely to suffer social inhibition. One reason could be the lack of social skills at the beginning of interaction: According to Merill (1965), lonely people who would like to make new friends fail because they do the wrong things during the initial and critical moments. They avoid the other’s person gaze, they do not smile and they seem tense or preoccupied with other things. All of these discourage any comment from the other person, who does not realize that this apparent unfriendliness is due to a considerable discomfort and an inability to cope with it. (p. 104) People respond negatively to others who have undesirable anxieties and depressing behaviors which turn people away. As a result, social support needed by people with negative attitudes is inadequately given. (Plotnik, 1996) Anxiety is clearly seen on the outside. The shy, having his face registered blankly or anxious, or avoiding eye contact to others, can be interpreted by others as a sign of being aloof so the shy appears to be unapproachable. Plotnik (1996) says that high self-esteem, confidence and self-worth are the benefits of social support. These things promote our physical and psychological well-being. So if social support is lacked, it results to poor mental, physical and emotional health and the shy people have a disadvantage to this. Popenoe (1977) claims that the self-identity provided by social interaction helps people learn new roles in life. It also enhances our self-image which prevents loss of self-identity that may cause emotional stress. When people discover their new roles, they tend to develop their selves and aim for the best changes to make in oneself. But, due to shyness, social interaction experienced by some is very limited that the benefits like the desired change reduced also. Shy people do not want to stay disturbed by problems related to shyness forever. That is why they discover or think of ways resolving the problems that are crippling them. The usual effect of the harmful shyness is mental distress in form of loneliness. According to Heider (1958), loneliness is a personal anxiety which is a result of certain lack in either social integration or attachment in relationship. In order to free themselves from these bothersome issues, certain strategies were reinforced by shy people. Unfortunately, for some, they employ ineffective and irresponsible strategies to overcome shyness. Examples of these are alcoholism and drug addiction. Reason of this undertaking is that they feel energized because they thought that it would be better to detach themselves from their true selves and be more outgoing which they thought most people prefer. According to James, lack of support from social connections and poor stress management contribute a lot to psychosocial deficit (2009). Disadvantages and problems associated from shyness are disturbing and bothersome. Shyness should not greatly affect one’s life and disposition in a negative way. These should have been prevented only if shyness will be cured or if not, learn its ways and have the control of it, not the other way around. However, this is a self-inflicted issue which is just within the self. Treatment for this is easy only if handled accordingly and the shy individual is properly counselled and guided by an expert.

Character Sketch of George Essay

George would not be himself if he didn’t have Lennie. George can be describe as a responsible and caring person as well as a dreamer. George is responsible not only for himself, but also for Lennie â€Å"I want you to stay with me, Lennie. Jesus Christ somebody’d shoot you for a coyote if you was by yourself. No, you stay with me. Your Aunt Clara wouldn’t like you running off by yourself, even if she is dead.† (Steinbeck, 13); Lennie said excitedly â€Å"But not us! An’ why? Because†¦ because I got you to look after me, and you got me to look after you, and that’s why.† (Steinbeck, 14) George promised Lennie’s Aunt Clara that he would take care of Lennie no matter what happened, even if he was responsible for all of Lennie’s trouble and also for Lennie’s death. He would never abandon him despite of his mental impairment even though he had the chance to. As well as George cares a lot about Lennie and even for the other guys of the ranch. George calmly admits, â€Å"I been mean ain’t I?† (Steinbeck, 12); George trying to pick up his words â€Å" Ever’body gonna be nice to you. Ain’t gonna be no more trouble. Nobody gonna hurt nobody nor steal from ‘em.†(what to put) Steinbeck writes â€Å"And George raised the gun and steadied it, and he brought the muzzle of it close to the back of Lennie’s head.† (Steinbeck, 106) George knows when he had hurt(s) Lennie’s feelings. He killed Lennie because he doesn’t want Lennie to suffer in this world anymore, because he cares. It wasn’t the best thing that he could do but he thought that it would be easier for Lennie and himself. Furthermore, George and Lennie have a plan, to buy a house, a dream that that they can call their own. It’s still the American dream today. George said convincingly to Lennie â€Å"With us it ain’t like that. We got a future. We got somebody to talk to that gives a damn about us. We don’t have to sit in bar room blowin’ our jack jus’ because we got no place else to go. If them other guys gets in jail they can rot for all anybody gives a damn. But not us†¦(another line) We’ll have a big vegetable patch and a rabbit hutch and chickens. And when it rains in the winter, we’ll just say the hell with going’ to work and we’ll build up around it an’ listen to the rain comin’ down on the roof – Nuts!† (Steinbeck, 14) George and Lennie planned what they wanted to have a long time ago, but Lennie wanted to hear it all over again. They dreamt of owning â€Å"an acre of land and a shack† to call their own. It seemed possible when they started working in the Ranch with Candy also participating, but after Lennie died, George would not have Lennie to make him all excited about their dream. And there’s no point of achieving it without Lennie because this dream made their friendship tight, made them become closer to each other, and made them think that they have a future. If Lennie wasn’t part of George’s life then George wouldn’t have a future, he’d just go to town and blow his jack each month like all the other bindle stiffs around. Often men’s plan goes awry, we should expect the unexpected.

Mercury Essays - Chemistry, Matter, Mercury Compounds, Mercury

Mercury Essays - Chemistry, Matter, Mercury Compounds, Mercury Mercury Mercurys symbol is Hg, its atomic number is 80, its atomic mass is 200.59, its in group 12 and in period 6, and it also has two valence electrons. Its standard state is liquid at 298K and it is the heaviest known elemental liquid. It has a silvery white color. It is named after the planet Mercury the origin of the symbol Hg is the Latin word hydrargyrum meaning liquid silver. Mercury was known to ancient Chinese and Hindus before 2000 B.C. and was found in tubes in Egyptian tombs dated from 1500 B.C. Mercury is the only metal liquid at ordinary temperatures. Mercury is sometimes called quicksilver. It sometimes occurs free in nature and is found mainly in cinnabar ore, which is HgS. Cinnabar ore is found in Spain and Italy. Mercury is a heavy, silvery-white metal, which forms alloys easily with many metals like gold, silver, and tin. These alloys are called amalgams. Its way of amalgamating with gold is made use of the recovery of gold from its ores. Mercury is a bad conductor of heat and an okay conductor of electricity. The most important salts are mercuric chloride HgC12 that is a corrosive and violent poison. Mercurous chloride Hg2Cl2, which used to be used in medicine. Mercury fulminate Hg(ONC)2 used as a detonator in explosives and mercuric sulfide HgS used as a high-grade paint pigment. Organic mercury compounds are important and dangerous. Methyl mercury is a lethal pollutant found in rivers and lakes. Mercury is a virulent poison and is readily absorbed through the respiratory tract, the gastrointestinal tract, or through unbroken skin. It acts as a cumulative poison since there are few pathways available to the body for its excretion. Since mercury is a very readily vaporizable element at a relatively low temperature, dangerous levels are readily attained in air. Air saturated with mercury vapor at 20C contains a concentration that exceeds the toxic limit many times. The danger increases at higher temperatures. It is therefore important that mercury be handled with care. Containers of mercury should be securely covered and spillage should be avoided. Mercury should only be handled under a well-ventilated area. Mercury is well known because of its use in many thermometers. It was common to demonstrate the formation of mercury in the laboratory by heating mercury s ulfide. This method forms the basis of commercial extraction to get mercury. The prepared cinnabar ore is heated in a current of air and the mercury vapor condensed. Bibliography 1. Mercury (element), Microsoft Encarta Online Encyclopedia 2000 http://encarta.msn.com 1997-2000 Microsoft Corporation. All rights reserved. 2. Bentor, Yinon. Chemical Element.com - Mercury. Dec. 6, 2000 . 3. Encyclopedia Britanica-Mercury Liquid Metal Volume M-R. Pages 253-260.

Marie Zakrzewska - Early Woman Medical Doctor

Marie Zakrzewska - Early Woman Medical Doctor Marie Zakrzewska Facts Known for:  established the New England Hospital for Women and Children; worked with Elizabeth Blackwell and Emily BlackwellOccupation:  physicianDates:  September 6, 1829 – May 12, 1902Also known as: Dr. Zak, Dr. Marie E. Zakrzewska, Marie Elizabeth Zakrzewska Background, Family: Mother: Caroline Fredericke Wilhelmina Urban: trained as a midwife, her mother was a veterinary surgeonFather: Ludwig Martin ZakrzewskaSiblings: Marie Zakrzewska was the eldest of six siblings Education: Berlin School for Midwives – enrolled 1849, graduated 1852Western Reserve College medical school, M.D. in 1856 Marie Zakrzewska Biography: Marie Zakrzewska was born in Germany to a family of Polish background. Her father had taken a government position in Berlin.   Marie at age 15 cared for her aunt and great-aunt.   In 1849, following her mother’s profession, she trained as a midwife at the Berlin School for Midwives at the Royal Charite Hospital.   There, she excelled, and on graduation earned a post at the school as head midwife and professor in 1852. Her appointment was opposed by many at the school, because she was a woman.   Marie left after just six months and, with a sister, moved to New York in March 1853. New York There, she lived in the German community doing piecework sewing.   Her mother and two other sisters followed Marie and her sister to America. Zakrzewska became interested in other women’s rights issue and in abolition.   William Lloyd Garrison and Wendell Phillips were friends, as were some refugees from Germany’s 1848 social upheaval. Zakrzewska met Elizabeth Blackwell in New York.   On finding out her background, Blackwell helped Zakrzewska get into Western Reserve’s medical training program. Zakrzewska graduated in 1856.   The school had admitted women into their medical program starting in 1857; the year Zakrzewska graduated, the school stopped admitting women. Dr. Zakrzewska went to New York as a resident physician, helping establish the New York Infirmary for Women and Children with Elizabeth Blackwell and her sister Emily Blackwell.   She also served as the instructor of nursing students, opened her own private practice, and at the same time served as the housekeeper for the Infirmary.   She became known to patients and staff as simply Dr. Zak. Boston When New England Female Medical College opened in Boston, Zakrzewska left New York for an appointment at the new college as professor of obstetrics.   In 1861, Zakrzewska helped to found the New England Hospital for Women and Children, staffed by women medical professionals, the second such institution, the first being the New York hospital founded by the Blackwell sisters. She was involved with the hospital until her retirement.   She worked for a time as the resident physician and also served as head nurse. She also served in administrative positions.   Through her years of association with the hospital, she also maintained a private practice. In 1872, Zakrzewska founded a nursing school associated with the hospital.   A noted graduate was Mary Eliza Mahoney, the first African American to work as a professional trained nurse in the United States. She graduated from the school in 1879. Zakrzewska shared her home with Julia Sprague, in what might have been, to use a term not used until later years, a lesbian partnership; the two shared a bedroom.   The home was also shared with Karl Heinzen and his wife and child. Heinzen was a German immigrant with political ties to radical movements. Zakrzewska retired from the hospital and her medical practice in 1899, and died May 12, 1902.

Passing data with OSI modle Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Passing data with OSI modle - Essay Example formation relayed from a computer system passes through the application layer in its system which in turn transmits the same information to the presentation layer and eventually to the session layer and so down the physical layer. The physical layer places the information in physical network radium and sent to the next computer system through the medium (Lathem 6). The physical phase in the receiving computer removes the information from the physical network medium and is received across the receiving computer system (Lathem 6). The physical layer of this computer passes the information upwards to the data link layer 2, which then passes on to the network layer 3 and so on until it reaches the application layer of the computer system. Eventually the application layer of the receiving computer system passes the information to its application program to finish the communication process (Lathem 6). Encapsulation process involves transmission of information that goes down the OSI model in the computer system in which the information originates from (Whitaker 44). The application layer which has the user interface passes data to the presentation layer and eventually to the session layer. There is extra information added by these three layers compared to the original information (Kasera 18). The new information is then passed on to the transport level in which information is broken down into smaller particles known as segments. These segments are well aligned to enable a stream of the same information to the recipient. The receiving layer receives information from the transport layer in segments that were subdivided (Whitaker 44). Network addressing and routing is done to the segments through the internet network. The data at this level includes the transport header and the upper information known as a packet (Kasera 18). The packets are added with an IP header of the network lay er then send to the Data link layer. The data link layer also transmits each packet in

History of Jazz Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 1

History of Jazz - Essay Example development into the modern jazz movement cannot be described in a linear historical model with a series of clearly separate stages because, since its inception in the 1940s, it quickly fragmented into cool and hard bop in the 1950s to the 1960s. Bebop exhibits the dynamic organic nature of jazz as it changes across three decades. It evolves from early jazz and revolts against swing, as it continues the development of modern jazz into cool and hard bop, an evolution that manifests African American innovation that reacted to American society’s oppressive socioeconomic and cultural conditions. Bebop rebels against big bands which are already declining during the 1940s as a form of struggle against racism. Several historians argue that bebop is a reaction to racism and swing’s populist ideals. Eric Porter asserts that Bebop musicians â€Å"refused† to become the entertainers of â€Å"Uncle Tom,† and wanted â€Å"to escape the stereotypes and audience expectations of the past,† while preserving an â€Å"aversion to musical boundaries.†3 Bebop is rooted in African American experiences that characterize it as an oppositional reaction against big bands, the large dance swing bands.4 Bebop music is about experimentation and technical expertise that resisted the controls of socioeconomic forces. In essence, bebop musicians did not play music primarily for making money, but for their autonomy.5 As a result, when it first came out, those who regarded themselves as â€Å"cultural gatekeepers† of white bourgeois cultural values and standards â€Å"descended† on bebop with â€Å"fanatical fury.†6 They did not like the originality and independence of bebop that reflected aggression and defiance of rigid social hierarchy through traditional musical norms. Scholars understand this negative perception of bebop from the threatened gatekeepers because changing music means changing culture and that these changes ultimately threaten the status quo of society.7 Besides rejecting