Business Plan - Universal Marketing Limited Essay

Business Plan - Universal Marketing Limited - Essay Example It is situated in New York in the United States. It is an advertising office that aids the working of the brand notoriety. The business manages offers of the drinks from the coca cola organization. The business hopes to get clients generally from the neighboring territories and from the other intrigued purchasers around the nation. The organization plans to start as a medium estimated one and falls under the deals and promoting part. A few social stages utilized as a part of the promoting so that the clients may end up noticeably mindful of the item that we are putting forth and we are relied upon to have infantrymen. There is the innovation connected in the business practice is current and is relied upon to pass by the requirements of the clients. The organization means to utilize capital of $ 100,000 which is required to procure benefit which will then be utilized to grow the business. The business is viewed as feasible on the grounds that it's situated in a region where there are numerous exercises that outcome to the need of the drinks that individuals normally consider as a frame easing themselves from thirst while others consider it to be reasonable for delight minutes. In spite of the fact that there is rivalry there is no firm that helps out the business through a deals and promoting organization as our image is relied upon to get higher number of the clients. Thusly there is high probability of the business development.

Standardized Ion Chromatograpy (IC) for Salivary Analysis

Standardized Ion Chromatograpy (IC) for Salivary Analysis According to Darvell et. al. (2004), the research is about analysis of human saliva by using ion chromatography(IC). The aim of this research is to construct out a standardized IC protocol for future salivary analysis. The samples has go through several procedures such as centrifugation to remove particulates, filtration on supernatant, and the residual droplet was removed by a paper tissue without touching it to the CFD (centrifugal filter device). This is because want to minimize the risk of back–contamination of the device. About the pretreatment, the temperature for centrifugation is set at 4Â °C which inhibit the pathogen spreading and lower the bacterial activity. The steps of pretreatment temperature, duplicate runs of the samples and recovery of known addition of standard solution are to make sure that the result obtained is reproducible and no significant different. However, the resolution has shown decrease and this may cause by the protein retained in the exchange site of column resin or the surface of suppressor. It is suggested that application of membrane ultrafiltration can minimize contamination of IC system. Besides, there are few things have to take in consideration which are pretreatment and sample dilution. If the sample pH is higher than 2-3, in pretreatment part have to avoid introducing the ionic contaminant or subtracting any ion that needed if cellulose used in material for membrane ultrafiltration. Sample dilution can make the resolution between peaks greater especially when fluid with smaller volume are available sufficient for injection. Xie et al. (2011) have reported the studies on levels of adenosine phosphate in blood which are analyzed by using ion chromatography. In this research, gradient mode of elution is used, because it well-known as can carry out fast result and provide sharp peak due to gradient compression effects. The procedure are firstly sample dilution, homogenization, centrifugation, membrane filtration and finally injection into the IC system. The addition of acetonitrile in homogenization part is to extract out the protein as precipitation. Adenosine phosphate likely retained in column and cause contamination since they are very polar molecule however this research has proven that by using this method it will not retained on the column and it can applicable to the analysis of true blood samples. Hou Cramer (2011) has evaluated on selectivity in multimodal anion exchange system priority on prediction of protein retention time and investigation of effect caused by mobile phase modifier. About selectivity, as we know protein are more strongly retain tendency with resin. The multimodal effect which the arrangement pattern has given an electrostatic attraction that manage the binding behaviors with obeying Langmuir isotherm. In this research, two anion resin was used which are Capto Adhere(ADH) and Q Sepharose FF. Result shown there was more retention on ADH because additional interactions existed. In ADH ligand, the additional interaction may composed hydrophobic properties contributed by aromatic ring and hydrogen bonding contributed by hydroxyl group. Suggested that the size of ion-exchanger should be smaller to optimize the performance and using monolithic porous column in order to improve the morphology of the resins. According to the Tyrrell ed. al. (2009), rapid IC have several advantages such as reduce the analysis time, cost and improve the productivity. The rapid IC can be transfer from the conventional method by modifying some parameter. The rapid IC using the similar stationary phases with the conventional chromatographic but the column geometry used in rapid IC was modified. Besides that, the volume used and the flow rate of sample were reduce by a factor of 12 to speed up the chromatographic process and the resolution is not affected for the smaller particle-packed columns with shorter length. In generally, gradient elution are consider more beneficial in fast separations and multi-component sample analysis. In optimize conditions, the separation speed is assume constant in this study. Meanwhile, the other parameter such as the column length was decreased by a factor of 10 and the smaller particles were reduced by a factor of 15. Reductions by factor in the parameters was reduce the resol ution, but the reduction in resolution still in the acceptable ranges, so the process still can be accepted. According to Chen Leong (2009), ÃŽ ±-fetoprotein (AFP) is a potential candidate in biopharmaceutical field, especially in the treatment of autoimmune indications. Recombinant AFP can indicate rheumatoid arthritis recently. However, due to the complexity of its structure as it contains 32 cysteines, which refolding and form 16 disulfide bonds by oxidation; the refolding process will be very hard to occur because the protein with highly disulphide-bonding is immobile on a stationary phase of chromatography. The objective of this study was to improve the refolding yield of the recombinant human AFP (rhAFP) using anion-exchange chromatography. Refolding process by batch dilution was studied as a control. Instead of ion-exchange column, a PD-10 desalting column was used to remove the DTT from protein mixture. The mixture was then eluted out the desalting column and refolding buffer was added. There were two types of anion-exchange column to carry out on-column refolding, which were Q-FF columns and DEAR-FF columns. Same procedures were performed on this refolding process as batch dilution, the protein was incubated in the column with refolding buffer for 0-24 hours, but with an addition of stripping buffer after refolding cycle. Next off-column refolding was carried out using a 1ml Q-FF column. Unlike on-column refolding, the protein was not incubated in column but treated with refolding buffer with or without 0.5M L-arginine after elution process. For batch dilution, as a result, the refolding yield is at maximum level which was around 55% at less than 0.5mg/ml of rhAFP, but at the allowable greatest concentration of protein refolding which is 0.45mg/ml, the yield of refolding obtained is 14% only. This is because high concentration of protein would lead to high aggregation and hence, low refolding process. 0.45mg/ml was the highest protein refolding concentration in this section because of solubility and viscosity limitation in preparation step of higher concentr ation of protein sample. On the other hand, refolding process in DEAE-FF column had higher recovery yield of rhAFP compared to that in Q-FF column which were 19% and 15% respectively when the amount of rhAFP load was 1mg. Q-FF is a strong anion-exchanger compared to DEAE-FF, this caused the strong interaction between protein samples with matrix and limited the disulfide shuffling to refold. In contrast, the interaction in DEAE-FF is relatively weaker, so the disulfide shuffling had higher efficiency and increased refolding process occurrence. The stripping buffer was added after refolding cycle to elute more refolded rhAFP, as the protein was mostly bound on column during refolding and elution process. Similar to result of batch dilution, increased amount of protein load brought increased aggregation and lower refolding process. Furthermore, aggregation of protein at the top section of the column can prevent the protein to move through the column, so another test was done with addit ion of NaCl to refolding process conducted in DEAE-FF column and it showed higher refolding yield. Investigation of off-column refolding was done without incubation of protein in Q-FF column with refolding buffer. Without addition of L-arginine, the refolding yield of 1mg of rhAFP load was higher than on-column refolding, and the yield could be increased to 42% after addition of L-arginine. The possible reason is due to interference of L-arginine toward the adsorption of rhAFP on the matrix. Hence it is impossible to add L-arginine if on-column refolding was desired to be performed. Actually, instead of Q-FF column, the off-column refolding can be conducted on DEAE-FF column with addition of L-arginine and NaCl, the outcome should be interesting to investigate. In a nutshell, off-column refolding yielded the most among the methods, which was 13-fold increase from batch dilution.

Comparing Dr. Martin Luther King Jr. and Malcolm X :: Comparison Compare Contrast Essays

Martin Luther King Jr. and Malcolm X grew up in different environments. King was raised in a comfortable middle-class family where education was stressed. On the other hand, Malcolm X came from and underprivileged home. He was a self-taught man who received little schooling and rose to greatness on his own intelligence and determination. Martin Luther King was born into a family whose name in Atlanta was well established. Despite segregation, Martin Luther King's parents ensured that their child was secure and happy. Malcolm X was born on May 19, 1925 and was raised in a completely different atmosphere than King, an atmosphere of fear and anger where the seeds of bitterness were planted. The burning of his house by the Klu Klux Klan resulted in the murder of his father. His mother later suffered a nervous breakdown and his family was split up. He was haunted by this early nightmare for most of his life. From then on, he was driven by hatred and a desire for revenge. The early backgrounds of Malcolm X and Martin Luther King were largely responsible for the distinct different responses to American racism. Both men ultimately became towering icons of contemporary African-American culture and had a great influence on black Americans. However, King had a more positive attitude than Malcolm X, believing that through peaceful demonstrations and arguments, blacks will be able to someday achieve full equality with whites. Malcolm X's despair about life was reflected in his angry, pessimistic belief that e quality is impossible because whites have no moral conscience. King basically adopted on an integrationalist philosophy, whereby he felt that blacks and whites should be united and live together in peace. Malcolm X, however, promoted nationalist and separatist doctrines. For most of his life, he believed that only through revolution and force could blacks attain their rightful place in society. Both X and King spread their message through powerful, hard-hitting speeches. Nevertheless, their intentions were delivered in different styles and purposes. "King was basically a peaceful leader who urged non-violence to his followers. He travelled about the country giving speeches that inspired black and white listeners to work together for racial harmony." (pg. 135, Martin Luther King Jr. and the Freedom Movement) Malcolm X, for the most part, believed that non-violence and integration was a trick by the whites to keep blacks in their places. He was furious at white racism and encouraged h is followers through his speeches to rise up and protest against their white enemies.

Support Individuals with Specific Communication Needs

Assignment 303 Principles of diversity, equality and inclusion in adult social care settings Assignment composition Assignment overview In this assignment you will consider best practice in promoting diversity, equality and inclusion which does not discriminate against others. You will look at relevant legislation, codes of practice and regulations governing adult social care and consider the consequences for a variety of people if these are not followed. You are asked to consider your own attitudes and beliefs and how these may impact on how you treat people and to reflect on your own practice.Tasks There are three tasks to this assignment. A Short answer questions B Leaflet C Reflective account This is a summary of the evidence required for the unit. Task Evidence Learning outcomes covered A Short answer questions 1. 1, 1. 2, 3. 1 B Leaflet 1. 3 2. 1, 2. 2 3. 2, 3. 3 C Reflective account 2. 3, 2. 4, 2. 5 Question Booklet Task A Short answer questions Ai Using the table below, expla in in your own words what each term means. Give one example from care practice to illustrate your explanations. (8 marks) |Explanation |Example | |Diversity | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |Equality | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |Inclusion | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |Discrimination | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | Aii For each of the following people/groups of people, describe two different possible effects of discrimination. (16 marks) An individual | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | Their families | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | Wider society | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | Those who discriminate | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | Aiii Using the table below, identify three ways of challenging discrimination, and describe how each will promote change. (9 marks) Way of challenging |How this will promote change? | |discrimination | | |1. | | | | | | | | | | | |2. | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |3. | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | Task B LeafletBi Your work setting is running an induction course for new social care workers in an adult social care setting. Create a leaflet which can be used to support this course. The leaflet must include the following: a) A description of the legislation and codes of practice relating to diversity, equality, inclusion and discrimination. b) An explanation of the possible consequences for individuals, social care workers and others if the legislation and codes of practice are not followed. c) A description of how inclusive practice can promote equality and support diversity. d) An explanation of how to support others to promote diversity, equality and inclusion.Bii Give two examples of how you could raise awareness of diversity, equality and inclusion. 1. 2. Task C Reflective account Ci Write a reflective account describin g: †¢ How your personal preferences, attitudes, heritage and beliefs might impact on working practice. †¢ How to ensure that your own practice is inclusive and respects the beliefs, culture, values and preferences of individuals. Suggested word count: 500 – 700 words Cii Write a brief account that describes examples of inclusive practice. Suggested word count: 150 – 200 words Ciii Write a brief account that describes practice which excludes the individual and is discriminatory. Suggested word count: 150 – 200 words Support Individuals with Specific Communication Needs Assignment 303 Principles of diversity, equality and inclusion in adult social care settings Assignment composition Assignment overview In this assignment you will consider best practice in promoting diversity, equality and inclusion which does not discriminate against others. You will look at relevant legislation, codes of practice and regulations governing adult social care and consider the consequences for a variety of people if these are not followed. You are asked to consider your own attitudes and beliefs and how these may impact on how you treat people and to reflect on your own practice.Tasks There are three tasks to this assignment. A Short answer questions B Leaflet C Reflective account This is a summary of the evidence required for the unit. Task Evidence Learning outcomes covered A Short answer questions 1. 1, 1. 2, 3. 1 B Leaflet 1. 3 2. 1, 2. 2 3. 2, 3. 3 C Reflective account 2. 3, 2. 4, 2. 5 Question Booklet Task A Short answer questions Ai Using the table below, expla in in your own words what each term means. Give one example from care practice to illustrate your explanations. (8 marks) |Explanation |Example | |Diversity | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |Equality | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |Inclusion | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |Discrimination | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | Aii For each of the following people/groups of people, describe two different possible effects of discrimination. (16 marks) An individual | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | Their families | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | Wider society | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | Those who discriminate | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | Aiii Using the table below, identify three ways of challenging discrimination, and describe how each will promote change. (9 marks) Way of challenging |How this will promote change? | |discrimination | | |1. | | | | | | | | | | | |2. | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |3. | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | Task B LeafletBi Your work setting is running an induction course for new social care workers in an adult social care setting. Create a leaflet which can be used to support this course. The leaflet must include the following: a) A description of the legislation and codes of practice relating to diversity, equality, inclusion and discrimination. b) An explanation of the possible consequences for individuals, social care workers and others if the legislation and codes of practice are not followed. c) A description of how inclusive practice can promote equality and support diversity. d) An explanation of how to support others to promote diversity, equality and inclusion.Bii Give two examples of how you could raise awareness of diversity, equality and inclusion. 1. 2. Task C Reflective account Ci Write a reflective account describin g: †¢ How your personal preferences, attitudes, heritage and beliefs might impact on working practice. †¢ How to ensure that your own practice is inclusive and respects the beliefs, culture, values and preferences of individuals. Suggested word count: 500 – 700 words Cii Write a brief account that describes examples of inclusive practice. Suggested word count: 150 – 200 words Ciii Write a brief account that describes practice which excludes the individual and is discriminatory. Suggested word count: 150 – 200 words

K-12 Curriculum Essay

Poverty * One of the biggest problems we Filipinos suffer. In reality, PHILIPPINES IS NOT A POOR COUNTRY. The problem is that wrong people mismanage and misgovern the budget of our country. Because of this mismanagement, citizens suffer and pay the price. And now, they’re implementing this curriculum that would be another burden to us Filipinos. If 10 years is already a big thing for parents, then what more is 12 years of sending their children to schools? Yes, there are public schools all around our country, but think about it. Many parents are minimum-wage-earners and aside from the education of their children, there are still other important things included in their monthly budget. So why add 2 more years in the basic education of an average Filipino? Lack of Excellent teachers * In our present time, we see that teachers are indemand and in the curriculum they implemented, teachers are needed. MORE EXCELLENT teachers are needed to be able to produce globally competitive students. There are many taking Education as their course but where are they? Most of them are working overseas. A proof that Philippines doesn’t need to adopt the education system of other countries for Filipinos to be successful and productive citizens. Now that K-12 program is already in use, the government should figure out how and where can they get the people to produce competitive, bright students. Lack of facilities, classrooms and equipments * We all have to accept the fact that in terms of facilities, classrooms and equipments in the schools in the Philippines, our country is underprivileged. For a good quality of education, a comfortable place to study is a big factor affecting this. Even before, classrooms are already inadequate, just think about adding more years in high school. Before the government have decided about a new education system, it could have been better if they solved the problems in the education in the Philippines first. We already have a good quality of education in our country, there are just some points we need to improve. Better education is needed not MORE education. If the government just used the allotted budget for this project to solve other economic issues, it could have helped more Filipinos. To cut everything short, there is just one thing I’d like you to comprehend. The answer to the question is simply NO.

The economic growth of China and India

The economic growth of China and India Introduction All economic measures and structures of statistical comparison show that China’s economy has grown faster and is higher than that of Indias.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on The economic growth of China and India specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More In the recent past, China’s economy has grown mainly because of expedient implementation of policies by the Chinese government. Then again, the fractured system of the Indian government has been the main reason why the Indian government has been unable to implement its policies at a faster rate. This has therefore, led to the slow growth of the economy. However, the leadership of China is very effective in spearheading all sectors within its economy. This has speeded up the growth of China. Since the adoption of market-oriented economies, these two countries have ushered strategies of development that are largely similar. China has adopted measures w ith an objective of coming up with policies aimed at reforming the closed economy. For a long time, India has also been undertaking policies, which objective was to improve its economic performance. Macro-economic analysis of the two economies shows that they continued implementing of policies in order to stimulate their growth1. Per capita income Macroeconomic analyses of China and India show that the per capita income of the two countries was almost the same in the early 1900s. India was even ahead of the Chinese economy in terms of the income earnings. However, the pace of growth of the two economies changed tremendously after the World War. Statistics from the World Bank shows that China’s GDP has been growing at a rate of 10% per year while the annual GDP of India has been growing at a rate of 8 % to 9 % per year.Advertising Looking for essay on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More However , China’s growth looks more sustainable with an increase of its fixed investments in overseas markets. This indicates that China’s GDP might even grow further if the economy continued to be open to the world market2. In both countries, the macroeconomic data on investment and savings rates is subjected to digital errors. Although many analysts may argue that China’s economic growth has been overrated, it is evident that huge investment into its physical capital proves that the country has experienced more economic growth than India, its counterpart. Although investment in physical capital alone is not enough to foretell the growth of the economy, it is evident that total productivity of China is higher than that of India. However, the pace of economic growth of India became high with implementation of projects such as the economic stimulus programs. These programs have provided the steady growth in the economy of India predictable because they came with roadmaps and estimates of the effect they had on the economy3. Foreign direct investment Economic projections from the World Bank show that India’s economy has a potential for growth. Unlike China, India has very few investments in other nations from all over the world. China, on the other hand, faces the risk of losing most of its investments. The new infrastructure invested in China and the increase in credit in India show that there is a bigger growth of credit in India than in China. The banking system of India has adopted policies for providing its people with money, which they use in investment and real estate development.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on The economic growth of China and India specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The lending rates in India have fueled increase in prices of essential commodities and sparked an increase of inflation. This slows the performance of the economy over a period. The flow of net income from direct investment of foreign countries in China is higher than the one that flows into India. China also has a better investment in environment than India. This investment in environment is a creation of the government through implementation of policies. It has an efficient foreign policy characterized by policies of trade between its partners. In fact, China has efficient policies for trading with other countries, which enhances good environment for trade in goods and services. China’s bilateral relations with other countries in Asia show its willingness to trade with countries that have raw materials for its industries. This enhances the growth of industries in China. On the other hand, India has weak relations with other countries in Asia such as South Korea and Pakistan. This acts as an impediment to the growth of India in foreign markets4. After the world wars, there was a great recession in Asian market and these saw many people losing employment in bot h India and China. Since then, China has adopted efficient methods of fighting against the recession while India has slow policymaking strategies, which have prevented the growth of the economy. China adopted very efficient methods, which have seen the increase in its economic output. However, India did not put its sectors of production at risk but went ahead and implemented policies that have helped stimulate economic growth.Advertising Looking for essay on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More India’s hefty stimulus package has helped it increase its economic output, and it has helped India enhance the growth of GDP and per capita income. The monetary policies, implemented by India, have helped it invest into areas that were more productive. This has increased the growth of the economy of the country5. Exports and Imports A comparison of the contribution of exports in both countries shows that China’s exports represent 35% of the GDP while those of India represent only 25%. India also has a higher domestic consumption than China, and this shows that India has a slower growth than China. With huge imports from the United States and European countries, India’s economy is prone to slow growth rates. However, China has protected itself from the losses brought about by the huge imports from other countries. This has led to the country investing in other nations. The country has also built huge capital investments in other countries to stimulate the growth of its economy. The fiscal position of China is higher than that of India. In fact, India’s fiscal deficit is 3% while China has 25.5%. The huge fiscal deficit for China is because of its huge expenditures, which are due to the high costs of living and policies. The two lead to an increase in taxes. Nevertheless, the government of India has relaxed, and it has failed to be more productive over time. Secondly, the fiscal policies in India do not address the banking and financial systems, and this has led to slow production. The Indian currency has also declined with time with the rupee having a huge fall over the US dollar6. Poverty trends One of the basic facts is that the poverty trends in both countries have significantly dropped over time. The household expenditure survey in both countries shows that there is a huge change in poverty estimates in India. The price indices, which are a good indicator of poverty levels, also show that they have declined over time. The assumpt ions from the researchers show that there is a decline in the levels of poverty between the two countries. The gap between the rich and the poor individuals in India has also declined over time. This has been stimulated by the economic stimulus projects and by the policies, which have led to a reduction in poverty levels in both countries. However, poverty estimates in China suggest that there has been a huge reduction of poverty7. Due to growth of human capital in China, there has been a reduction in the regional disparities between the two nations. The income disparity in China is slower than that of India. This is due to the projects whose objective is to develop many regions in China. Estimates also show that the income of an Indian worker is lower than that of a Chinese worker. This makes it possible for the Chinese worker to produce more, which in turn leads to increased disposable income. On the other hand, the contribution of an Indian worker into the gross national producti on is lesser than that of a Chinese worker. The reason is that there are many unemployed people in India’s population as compared to China’s population. International market share With regard to globalization and integration of Industries, it is arguably evident that the Chinese economy continues to outpace all other countries in Asia. This is due to its innovations that have led to an increase in the nation’s Merchandise. In fact, Chinese exports represent 5% of exports in the world market whereas India’s exports represent 0.8% of all exports in the world. It is thus evident that the share of China’s exports is phenomenal and that it represents an economy that contributes to labor-intensive trade. Since the 1980s, the Chinese share of the world’s economy has grown widely, and thus China has contributed to huge growth of commodity markets in the world’s economy. The trend of Chinas growth is going to continue with the pace of capturin g the market share if the government in India does not open itself to the international economy8. Although manufacturing is the mainstay of India’s economy, it is evident that the Chinese economy has produced much as compared to its Indian counterpart. However, a comparison into the prices of commodities in the Indian market shows that the Indian prices are lower than Chinese prices. Amazingly, Chinese manufacturing companies usually export their finished products into Indian markets. In addition, the exchange rates are relatively the same and this means that China continues to be far much ahead of India. Moreover, China exports commercial services to India. The country has also enacted policies that aim at reduction of exports to other countries thus making it globally competitive9. Information technology With regard to information technology and software exports, India is a giant. This is because in every fiscal year, India jets 15-20 billion US dollars into its economy. Th e Chinese information technology and software exports lag behind because they are as good in English as their Indian counterparts. China also lacks experts in management and has a curriculum that does not give a room for the development of the Chinese language, thus making the country lag behind other countries, like India. Experts argue that in the future, China will catch up with India in the production of software and Information technology facilities. This is because the government of China has come up with policies that enable the country to invest in the Information technology sector. Trade of commodities India is also far much ahead of China in terms of pharmaceutical export. International bodies such as the United Nations usually rely on vaccines and other medicinal products from private companies in India. Studies show that if India changes into a fast growing economy like other developed countries in the world, it will become a super power. This is because India has econom ic inputs such as abundance of natural resources, large human labor, and dynamic brainpower. These factors are vital for the spearheading of the growth of any economy. In addition, the supply of pharmaceuticals plus the dynamic information technology will act as the catalysts for growth stimulation. They are therefore vital in the development of the Indian economy. It is thus evident that the process of implementation of policies in India needs a change in order to contribute to the growth of the national economy10. China’s trade with developed nations has also increased tremendously with time. This has led to creation of surplus and foreign reserves. It also helps to supplement for the foreign surplus and increase its account balances thus creating a substantial increase in the exchange reserves. This helps reducing the volatility of its imports from other countries and help in supplementing the reduced exports. Estimates show that the foreign reserves of China amount to $92 billion. However, there is also an increase of India’s balance of payments. This is because the foreign reserves of India are also high but they cannot account for the increase in the exports from other countries, thus slowing the growth of the economy. This still makes China to be far much ahead in terms of trade of manufactured goods. Trade of services The trade of services in China is very high. It is due to the high productivity of work, which is literally forming part of China’s exports. In fact, Chinas exports its experts to other countries such as the United States. On the other hand, the services traded are knowledge intensive and require the Chinese people to be more educated than their Indian counterparts. This means that Indian workers are less productive, and thus they do not represent much productivity into the economy of the country. Secondly, India does not trade sophisticated goods and services, and this makes the country lag behind. However, per capit a income in India is high due to the balance of the economy and the high returns of trade in goods. The future of Indian economy can be successful if the economy grows in terms of production of services more than goods. It is evident that the growing economies trade more in services than in goods. India should also improve its barriers to investments, which include the cultural barriers, slow implementation of policies ,and open its closed markets. The government of India should also give its people the freedom to have international trade through implementation of policies. Affordable credit should also be availed to Indian investors if they are to contribute substantially to economic growth in their country. India should also open its narrowed gaps with international countries to increase its level of trade. Conclusion In conclusion, for many years economists and other parties have considered China and India as super powers due to their fast growing economies. The two Asian nations have adopted strategies that favor internal and external markets thus creating a good environment for regional and international trade. Through increase in their direct investments and the opening of their closed markets, these two countries have speeded their economic growth. However, China’s growth in production of goods and services is phenomenal. In addition, China is still ahead of India in terms of increase in foreign reserves, huge direct investment in other countries and even increase in globalization of its industries. The poverty rates in China are also minimal as compared to the rates of poverty in India. Moreover, China is far much ahead of India in terms of the fiscal position and the gross domestic product. Nevertheless, India has a potential for growth due to its increasing market share and per capita income. However, the future looks predictable with China’s economy being more predictable than India’s economy. Bibliography Allen, Richard, and To mmasi Daniel. Managing public expenditure: A reference book for transition countries. Paris: OECD, 2001. Bardhan Pranab. Awakening giants, feet of clay assessing the economic rise of China and India. Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press, 2010. Chai, Joseph, and Kartik Roy. Economic reform in China and India: development experience in a comparative perspective. Cheltenham: Elgar, 2006. Ekins, Paul. Trade, globalization and sustainability impact assessment: A critical look at methods and outcomes. London, UK: Earth scan, 2009. Hall, Robert, and Marc Lieberman. Microeconomics: principles and applications. Mason, OH: Southwestern, Cengage Learning, 2010. Harrison, Denis, and Szell Gyorgy. Social innovation, the social economy and world economic development: democracy and labour rights in an era of globalization. Frankfurt Main: Lang, 2009. Jovanovich, Miroslav. International handbook on the economics of integration. Cheltenham: Edward Elgar, 2011. Kaufman, Robert. A concise histo ry of Chinese foreign policy. Lanham: Rowman Littlefield, 2010. Moschandreas, Maria. Business economics. London: Business Press, 2000. Saada, Adel. Elasticity: Theory and Applications, Boston, J. Ross Publishing, 2009. Footnotes 1 Bardhan Pranab. Awakening giants, feet of clay assessing the economic rise of China and India. Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press, 2010. 2 Robert Kaufman. A concise history of Chinese foreign policy. Lanham: Rowman Littlefield, 2010. 3 Adel Saada. Elasticity: Theory and Applications, Boston, J. Ross Publishing, 2009. 4Richard Allen and Tommasi Daniel. Managing public expenditure: A reference book for transition countries. Paris: OECD, 2001. 5Denis Harrison and Szell Gyorgy. Social innovation, the social economy and world economic development: democracy and labour rights in an era of globalization. Frankfurt Main: Lang, 2009. 6 Miroslav Jovanovich. International handbook on the economics of integration. Cheltenham: Edward Elgar, 2011. 7 Paul Ekin s. Trade, globalization and sustainability impact assessment: A critical look at methods and outcomes. London, UK: Earth scan, 2009. 8 Moschandreas, Maria. Business economics. London: Business Press, 2000. 9 Robert Hall and Marc Lieberman. Microeconomics: principles and applications. Mason, OH: Southwestern, Cengage Learning, 2010. 10 Joseph Chai and Kartik Roy. Economic reform in China and India: development experience in a comparative perspective. Cheltenham: Elgar, 2006.

Esther’s Path for Plath Essays

Esther’s Path for Plath Essays Esther’s Path for Plath Essay Esther’s Path for Plath Essay Esther Greenwood, from the novel The Bell Jar by Sylvia Plath, contests the hypocrisies of 1950’s male misogyny; she endures the prejudices that come with the era’s premature perception of mental illness, and she helps Plath to live on vicariously through her, in a way the great poet could not. The Bell Jar portrays mental illness as a disease to be ashamed of, and disregarded.   The book is written from the perspective of those living in the 1950’s. Plath’s main character, Esther Greenwood, experiences this inadequacy and discovers the truth about the society as she is treated for her medical diagnosis. In this book, Plath, like Greenwood, takes a step out of the typical beliefs and boundaries of her era.   A woman ahead of her time, Plath rebels through her writing, and asks more of society than it asks of itself. Her main character, Esther, goes through depressive social interactions that play off each other, until she has an identity crisis, and looks to suicide as her only end.   The conflict stems more from the limitations of society to be able to accept this type of behavior from a young woman than the illness itself.Esther is the I of the Bell Jar, in that she perceives everything as it happens, even when it’s happening to her.   Each connection she forms throughout her growth all contribute to her final state of balance. The relationships she forms with others are documented as they happen, and each one influences her sanity.   So much so, one relationship she has causes her to lose her sanity and then another causes her to reclaim it.   Esther’s father passes away when she is 9 years old.   She never finds a good relationship with a man, and she has no, real, deep connection with her mother.   Plus she is separated from all the other girls she encounters, particularly Joan, by her lack of wealth. It should be noted that, though all the girls are in New York for the same reason, they are granted this trip according to the stereotypical confines of their male overseers. The trip in itself is a form of molding the women for their place in society. Esther makes this clear when she says,we had all won a fashion magazine contest,†¦, and as prizes they gave us jobs in New York for a month, expenses paid, and piles and piles of free bonuses, like ballet tickets and passes to fashion shows and hair styling at a famous expensive salon and chances to meet successful people in the field of our desire and advice about what to do with our particular complexions (Plath, p4).If Esther is anything like Plath, as the reader is expected to believe, she will eventually see this ploy, the same way she eventually sees through Buddy. Not to forget, the nature of the relationship she has with Buddy is very fake and empty.   The fact that she is such a poetic introspective thinker, and Buddy is the exact opposite is even more draining to her character. In fact, Plat h presents her decision to cheat on Buddy in reaction to his affair as one of the key factors to her descent into madness. It is the connection she has with Joan and Dr. Norman that bring her sanity back.   These symbolic connections are key examples of Plath’s writing style.The Bell Jar’s greatness as a book is increased even more by Sylvia Plath’s method of writing and the sharing of her thoughts. Plath opened the doors to reality and through feministic views, showed the treatment of women, images and events about sex, and the mentally ill; both were thought of as inferior and less important during her time. Family and work pressures, transitions from adolescence to womanhood, or motherhood to menopause, even the stresses of daily life can influence mental health.   In her article, . â€Å"the intricate web of influences- genetic, sexual, and social – that affect mental well-being. Throughout the novel, Esther Greenwood is cynical, rebellious, and against the conventions of society; yet she had attempted to behave normally and fit in to the crowd. Her low self-esteem, the experience and the lack of experience she has of life, and the environment that surrounds her, leads to her inability to function and attempts of suicide. Esther’s troubles originate in her mind, but become worse by all the circumstances around her.   This is another example of the bildunsgroman model.As a young woman, who rebels against the limitations of 1950 society, Esther feels a disconnection with the rest of the world. She gains the will to surpass darkness, and to live life again.   This ideal of rebirth and redemption is a classic theme of many books like this. The Bell Jar falls within the bildungsroman model, in the fact that the main character develops in reaction to her environment.   These books are known for their characters having journeys of mental and spiritual growth, and eventually finding balance.   In her article, â€Å" The Bell Jar†: A Novel of the Fifties, Linda Wagner-Martin acknowledges that the book can be taken a in a number of ways and is actually quite a difficult novel to placed into one particular genre, or category.   This is due to the fact that most bildungroman’s star male protagonists.   By arguing this in 1992, she actually slightly refutes the argument made in 1974, by another scholar, ironically also named Linda Wagner.   This just proves the categorization of Plath’s novel is up for debate on many levels.Many scholars believe that if Esther was diagnosed today, she would be identified as a victim of Borderline Personality Disorder.   This is a disorder characteristic of disrupted interpersonal relationships.   It’s most common with females, and causes mood swings.   These people tend to fear abandonment and get very frantic over the thought of failure or rejection. Esther displays many of these same characteristics throughout the novel. In h er article Mental Wellness for Women, Rita Baron-Faust describes BPD as a pattern of unstable self-image, personal relationships and moods and impulsiveness (Baron-Faust 77). Some experts describe BPD as a major â€Å"identity crisis,† characterized by extreme uncertainty about many life issues, including career choices, long-term goals, choices in friends or lovers, questions of values and even sexual orientation (Baron-Faust, p84).   It is up for debate, whether BPD is Esther’s disorder; but the authenticity of Esther’s mental illness undoubtedly is the draw for many young readers, and scholastic analysis.In her article, â€Å"A Ritual For Being Born Twice† Sylvia Plath’s The Bell Jar, Marjorie G. Perloff analyzes the popular appeal the novel holds among young women. The concept of the emotional distress that comes from illness conflicting with the psychological and social boundaries, used to confine women during the 1950’s, is interpret ed as a major contribution to the books growing fan base. The major draw the book has is the complex nature of Esther’s dysfunctions.   She is mentally ill in a way that leaves her situation open to be theorized.   Barron-Faust characterized Esther as having borderline personality disorder.   This is based on her impulsive mood swings and unpredictable personality.   In Perloff’s essay, she cites a scholar by the name of J.D. Lang, who characterizes Esther’s behavior as being the schizoid personality type.   He says this is due to her often disconnection from reality.   Lang even gives an example from the book where Esther is being questioned by the Ladies’ Day, she asks, What do you have in mind after you graduate? Lang points out that Esther observes herself respond, and doesn’t feel attached to her actions.   Plath writes this response as, ‘I don’t really know,’ I heard my-self say†¦(Plath).   This citing enforces Lang’s position, but it is also said that people with borderline personality disorder have the same type of disconnection.   Even these scholars are left with no other choice but to theorize over what might have been Esther’s sickness.   The main sickness that leads to her almost committing suicide is still up for debate.   I personally think she suffered from avoidant personality disorder.Avoidant personality disorder is a classic bundle of character traits, which the story tellers have used to personify teenage loners, super villains, and dark heroes, since even before the Phantom of the opera, Frankenstein, or The Incredible Hulk Avoidant personality disorder is characterized by inhibition of social desires, feelings of inadequacy, and fear of negative judgment. People with this disorder are characterized as loners who feel separate from their society.   These are all characteristics which Esther exemplifies. Very few people who don’t know m uch about psychology know the difference between clinical psychological disorders and personality disorders.   For example, a student of psychology will tell you that Obsessive Compulsive Disorder and Obsessive Compulsive Personality Disorder are two completely different dysfunctions.   The personality disorder is derived more of workaholic and dismissive tendencies; whereas, the clinical disease deals more with unavoidable impulses demanded by the brain.   The fact that Esther’s behavior can fall into so many separate categories of psychological health is just a testament to the depth of Plath’s character development.   And, it is also another perfect example of why so many young women can relate to this novel.Through Esther, Plath addresses practically every sociological discourse imaginable for a young woman to encounter.   The societal ideal that women are inferior is the antagonist to Esther’s heroin.   Plath confronts the hypocrisy between the sexes with the relationship between Esther and Buddy.   After Buddy cheats on her, she does the same in response.   The loss of her virginity to Irwin is another symbolic gesture of her rebellion against the misogynistic status quo.   Plath makes underlying statements about lesbianism, in a time when it too was considered a disease.   She does this in her conversation with Dr. Nolan.   Ester asks him what to women might see in one another, and he replies tenderness. This a very bold statement for any author to make, let alone a female one, in the 1950’s.   The main irony of the book is the fact that Esther doesn’t truly get sick until after her affair with Irwin.   One must wonder what Plath meant to imply by this, and what correlation it has to her own life.This novel is such a historic piece of literary art because it is a semi-autobiographical sketch of the days leading up to Plath’s own suicide. The novel is respect for its rebellious nature, a nd also the authenticity of Esther’s mental illness.   More important, than the mystery of whether she’ll improve, is the mystery behind the cause of her actual illness.   We are also left with the mystery of never knowing whether or not Esther improves, but knowing that Plath does not.   This leaves a very obscure explanation for the initial question what really leads one to suicide? In his article, Plath’s Lives, Langdon Hammer makes a clear connection of Plath to Esther, and their relation to suicide.And the moon that lives on? Is there a face in it? One biographical answer would be that the moon, in mourning clothes (Her blacks crackle and drag), is an image of the poet herself, safe above her other double, the dead woman.   Subtly associated with the slangy, tough-talking Esther Greenwood (She is used to this sort of thing), the moon hints at Plath’s hope of living on after suicide; we can read it as a sign of her wish to observe and so survi ve that bleak, approaching event (Hammer, p.85).Considering that the reader knows Plath doesn’t make it, but we are to assume that Esther does, the book is put in a very hard position. The poetic nature of Plath’s writing comes to play in the fact that the reader is given an underlying reason to believe that Esther will survive.In her essay Perloff gives notice to this underlying justification to carryon.   She claims that Esther has a rebirth and that it happens through the guidance of Dr. Nolan.   Perloff notes that since Dr. Nolan is the first woman who Esther doesn’t feel inclined to be like, it marks the beginning of Esther’s individuality.   An individuality, in which, she is completely apathetic towards the unjust world she’s been rebelling against. Perloff sums up this entire idea of Esther’s reassessment of her life, by citing one of Plath’s most poetic statements in the book, As if the usual order of the world had shif ted slightly (275, Plath)†¦This perfectly sums up the state of mind Esther is in, when she walks into the room at the end. The reader is given no reason to lose faith in Esther, this faith is slightly tainted by the fact the book is very closely based on Plath’s life and she died by committing suicide. As sad as it is to say, Plath’s death only enhanced the authenticity of Esther’s psychological dysfunction. The true identity of her mental disorder is a debate that will remain up for question, until the day we find out what happened when Esther walked into that room. By the story ending where it does, it leaves Esther’s outcome open for interpretation. With Plath’s close correlation to Esther, and her death in the back of the minds of every reader, I think Esther’s new found state of balance shows us what Plath aspired for; and by her leaving Esther’s fans to decide the outcome, in a way, she ensures an ever-changing ending for h erself.   I would hope they all turn out well.

Abraham Lincolns Historical Thanksgiving Proclamation

Abraham Lincoln's Historical Thanksgiving Proclamation Thanksgiving did not become a national holiday in the United States until the fall of 1863  when President Abraham Lincoln issued a proclamation declaring that the last Thursday in November would be a day of national thanksgiving. While Lincoln issued the proclamation, credit for making Thanksgiving a national holiday should go to Sarah Josepha  Hale, the editor of Godeys Ladys Book, a popular magazine for women in 19th century America. Hales Campaign for Thanksgiving Hale, who campaigned for years to make Thanksgiving a nationally observed holiday, wrote to Lincoln on September 28, 1863, and urged him to issue a proclamation. Hale mentioned in her letter that having such a national day of Thanksgiving would establish a great Union Festival of America. With the United States in the depths of the Civil War, perhaps Lincoln was attracted to the idea of a holiday unifying the nation. At that time Lincoln was also contemplating delivering an address on the purpose of the war which would become the Gettysburg Address. Lincoln wrote a proclamation, which was issued on October 3, 1863. The New York Times published a copy of the proclamation two days later. The idea seemed to catch on, and the northern states celebrated Thanksgiving on the date noted in Lincolns proclamation, the last Thursday in November, which fell on November 26, 1863. Lincolns Thanksgiving Proclamation The text of Lincolns 1863 Thanksgiving proclamation follows: October 3, 1863By the President of the United StatesA ProclamationThe year that is drawing toward its close has been filled with the blessings of fruitful fields and healthful skies. To these bounties, which are so constantly enjoyed that we are prone to forget the source from which they come, others have been added, which are of so extraordinary a nature that they cannot fail to penetrate and soften the heart which is habitually insensible to the ever-watchful providence of Almighty God.In the midst of a civil war of unequaled magnitude and severity, which has sometimes seemed to foreign states to invite and provoke their aggressions, peace has been preserved with all nations, order has been maintained, the laws have been respected and obeyed, and harmony has prevailed everywhere, except in the theater of military conflict; while that theater has been greatly contracted by the advancing armies and navies of the Union.Needful diversions of wealth and of strength from the fields of pe aceful industry to the national defense have not arrested the plow, the shuttle, or the ship; the ax has enlarged the borders of our settlements, and the mines, as well of iron and coal as of the precious metals, have yielded even more abundantly than heretofore. Population has steadily increased, notwithstanding the waste that has been made in the camp, the siege, and the battlefield, and the country, rejoicing in the consciousness of augmented strength and vigor, is permitted to expect continuance of years with large increase of freedom.No human counsel hath devised, nor hath any mortal hand worked out these great things. They are the gracious gifts of the Most High God, who while dealing with us in anger for our sins, hath nevertheless remembered mercy.It has seemed to me fit and proper that they should be solemnly, reverently, and gratefully acknowledged as with one heart and one voice by the whole American people. I do, therefore, invite my fellow-citizens in every part of the United States, and also those who are at sea and those who are sojourning in foreign lands, to set apart and observe the last Thursday of November next as a Day of Thanksgiving and Praise to our beneficent Father who dwelleth in the heavens. And I recommend to them that, while offering up the ascriptions justly due to Him for such singular deliverances and blessings, they do also, with humble penitence for our national perverseness and disobedience, commend to His tender care all those who have become widows, orphans, mourners, or sufferers in the lamentable civil strife in which we are unavoidably engaged, and fervently implore the interposition of the Almighty hand to heal the wounds of the nation, and to restore it, as soon as may be consistent with the Divine purposes, to the full enjoyment of peace, harmony, tranquility, and union.In testimony whereof, I have hereunto set my hand and caused the seal of the United Stated States to be affixed.Done at the city of Washington, this third day of October, in the year of our Lord one thousand eight hundred and sixty-three, and of the Independence of the United States the eighty-eighth.Abraham Lincoln

Criminal justice Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Criminal justice - Assignment Example In 1934, the Supreme Court was given the authority to draft rules of federal procedures. The Judiciary Act also had a provision for the establishment of circuit and districts. The circuit courts were later abolished in 1911 (Schmalleger, 243). Congress later established a District Court for each state that had jurisdiction over maritime and admiralty cases along with minor criminal and civil cases. The president was given the power to appoint an Attorney General for each district and for other new states that were to be established. A dual court system is whereby the judicial system is administratively divided into two systems independent of the legislature and executive. The two systems are the federal court system and the state court system. The reason for this judicial system is that it was expensive and time consuming for federal courts to listen to individual cases that affected only a few people. The state courts were created so that these case are heard and judged on quickly and efficiently. The federal and the state court systems are divided into the following layers. Special jurisdiction courts which handle only specific kind of cases like the tax and bankruptcy courts and the family courts. The other layers of the judicial system include the Trial Court, the Appellate Court and the Supreme Court. There exists a number difference between the state court and the federal court systems. One is that state courts are established by the state while the federal courts are created by the federal government. On jurisdiction, state courts have a wider jurisdiction over the cases that they could hear, unlike the federal courts which are limited to specific cases listed in the constitution or provided by Congress. State courts handle criminal cases for crimes committed within the borders of the state while crimes committed across state borders are dealt

Small and Medium Enterprises in Globalization Era Essay

Small and Medium Enterprises in Globalization Era - Essay Example The researcher states that there is no globally accepted definition of globalization, but for the purpose of this research, the term refers to the process of consolidating the world into one large market. The process avails many goods and services to people across the world with the removal of trade barriers among the trading nations. The process of globalization happens through three channels; flow of capital, the flow of finance and the trade in goods and services. There is also a thought that the same process would mean integrating the economy of one country with the rest of the world. As much as integrating the economy of one country with the rest of the world could mean good for the nation’s economy, the same process would mean a great deal of unfair competition to some businesses. For a better understanding of such an argument, there is a need to consider a scenario where a starting firm from a developing country competing in a giant multinational. There should be an und erstanding of the contribution of small-scale businesses to the economies of such countries. For most of such nations, the industry forms a critical part of the performance of such economies, which calls for a comprehensive policing strategy that will ensure their sustainability. Therefore, the current study analyses the impacts of globalization on the performance of small and medium-scale firms in the sea of the world’s economic powers. The main theme of this work is to weigh the performance of small businesses before and after the invention of globalization and determine the effects of the processes. Globalization signifies the process of liberalization and internationalization that transforms the world into a small village because of the effects realized. There has been a rise in the levels of competition in every field with all nations across the globe engaging in global wars to make their economies sustainable enough for the populations.

Breeding Thoroughbred Racing Horses Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Breeding Thoroughbred Racing Horses - Essay Example They are also frequently cross-bred with other breeds to generate new breeds or to develop new ones, and have been important in the conception of many significant breeds, for example the Quarter Horse, the Standardbred, the Anglo-Arabian, and a variety of Warmblood breeds. Thoroughbred racehorses act with highest force, which has given rise to high percentage of mishaps and other health troubles. Racing has been established to have a higher casualty rate than all other human and animal games. As well, Thoroughbreds are inclined to other health problems that include bleeding from the lungs, low fertility, unusually small hearts and a small hoof to body mass ratio. There are a number of theories for the causes behind the occurrence of accidents and health complications in the Thoroughbred breed, and study continues into how to decrease the fatality rate and nurse those animals that are wounded. The archetypal Thoroughbred spans between 15.2-17.0 hands high. They are mainly reddish-brown, brown, chestnut, black, or gray (Patten, 191-195). A fewer familiar colors consists of roan and palomino. Although white is uncommon, however is a standard color distinct from gray. The face and lower legs may be stained with white (Bongianni, 1987); even though white will commonly not displayed on the body. Skin patterns that have more than one color on the body, such as Pinto or Appaloosa, are not present in the Thoroughbred (Glyn, 50). Excellent Thoroughbreds have a well-chiseled head on a long neck, high withers, a deep chest, a short back, good depth of rear legs, a slim body, and long legs (Bongianni, 1987; Montgomery, 338-354). Thoroughbreds are grouped among the fiery breeds, which are animals raised for quickness and rapidity and are normally regarded as brave and gallant (Henry 60, 66). Selective Breeding Theory It is advocated that the speed is improved in an already quick animal by raising muscle mass, a variety of selective breeding that has fashioned animals intended to win horse races (Kluger, 2006). Hence, the contemporary Thoroughbred moves quicker than its skeletal composition can bear (Finley, 1993). Consequently, all aggressive contemporary Thoroughbreds are strongly dominant however osteologically weak animals, notably more so than any fossil or living, found in the natural habitat. A top-down observation of skeletal muscle is contractile tissue of the body and is issued from the mesodermal layer of nascent germ cells. Selective breeding in domestic animals is the method of developing a sophisticated breed in the fullness of time. Horse-racing is an equestrian sport pursuit which has been accomplished over the centuries; the chariot races of Roman times were an early example. Crossbreeding Thoroughbreds are often crossed with other horses to produce new breeds or develop existing ones. They have been prominent on many new breeds, for example the American Quarter Horse, the Standardbred, and perhaps the Morgan, a breed that continued to impact many of the gaited breeds in North America. Other familiar crosses with the Thoroughbred consist of crossbreeding with

Personal and Professional Footprint Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Personal and Professional Footprint - Essay Example In fact, according to the results, we would require at least 4.2 planets if all people in the world were living my lifestyle. I was shocked by this because I have always regarded my life as modest and not too demanding in terms of natural resources. Of the four carbon footprint tests that I toot, two of them indicated that my carbon footprint is above national average. For instance, my housing footprint was 31.31 while the national average is only 28.36. My goods and services footprint is 67.78 compared to the national average of 62.06. I not only find these statistics as relevant but I also find them shocking and this means that I need to review my lifestyle. The industry has a number of processes and equipment that are associated with carbon footprint. This is caused by the number and type of machines, materials and processes that professionals in this industry have to use in order to be able to do their work. For instance, biologists have to use a number of chemicals for the various experiments they carry out. These chemicals have a number of negative impacts on the environment either directly or indirectly (Matthew, 2012). For instance, the chemical are removed from their natural places of existence and this has a negative impact on the environment. At the same time, the residues from these chemicals after they have been used in the laboratories also have a negative impact on the environment if the disposal is not done the right way. The other issue is the machinery that is used in the industry. This machinery consumes a lot of electricity and this definitely has an impact on the environment especially when the power source is not a renewable source. Electronic microscopes and other such machinery can consume a lot of power every year thus expanding the carbon footprint on the planet. At the same time, the manufacturing of these machinery and other laboratory equipment raging from the simple items as

The Pathway to Suicide Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

The Pathway to Suicide - Essay Example llenistic era, reflecting a deep pessimism about future and presence of evil and suffering in the near future associated with ultimate divine justice for the sins committed by the mankind. The Apocalyptic revelations goes back to Babylonian and the times of prophets Zachariah, who emphasized divine intervention at the time of trouble and crisis and predicted the arrival of Messiah. These writers demanded strict form of purity and developed their own theology to describe God's power. Apocalyptic writers introduced a different vocabulary into their theology and turned to nature and all its wonders to illustrate God's power (Gale Encyclopedia of Psychology, 2001). The Christ second coming became more demanding in the period of social unrest with rise in many local prophets claiming to the harbingers of new age. Many local prophets have arisen in troubled times predicting a new age, promising their followers utopian dreams, but in reality with their own semi-political goals. For example, the Camisards in the early 19th century in France or the self styles messiah of Monte Amiata South East of Tuscany in late 1860s. The New Religious movements (cults and sects) today have become a worldwide phenomenon, especially after WWII in the West. Majority of these sects manifest he characteristics of prevalent religions, but with complex theories and doctrines diluting the mainstream religion (Zellner, P22, 1998). In 1985 there were 417 sects and 501 cult movements in America alone, raising the figure to 7 million or 3 percent of America total population, while in 1989 the figure rose to 5 percent composing mainly of young people. Since 19th century there have been various Christian cults such as Church of Jesus Christ (1830), Spiritualism in (1848) and Jehovah's Witness (1872) the... Cult members normally join a cult in the time of crisis in a belief that by devoting themselves to the leader they can get freedom from the real world problems. Tragically they put their hopes on a mistaken leader who through his teaching and brainwashing leads his members to death and destruction. The cult practice makes them â€Å"dagger in the hand of leader† that often brings an end to their fate. From the above discussion it is clear that cult members become suicidal due to cults destructive teaching and resort to suicide to achieve the imaginative ideal of the cult for which they are prepared for years. For centuries man have waited for real and imaginary Messiah to deliver peace and happiness and restore order in the chaotic world. The world always had its problems and will have problems; cults will flourish, as long men believe in some external redeemer.

Evaluate the methods used to obtain qualitative and quantitive Essay

Evaluate the methods used to obtain qualitative and quantitive information on DNA methylation - Essay Example Varied methods for analyzing DNA methylation quantitatively and qualitatively exist, and they entail studying the polymerase chain reactions. Notably, the identified and widely procedures for analyzing DNA methylation both qualitatively and quantitatively include methylation-specific PCR(MSP), combined bisulfite restriction analysis (COBRA), bisulfite sequencing, methylation-sensitive single nucleotide primer extension (Ms-SNuPE), as well as, quantitative real-time MSP (Szyf, 2010 p 29). The use of each technique depends on the efficacy and intended information gain of the analysis process. Methylation-specific PCR technique involves the analysis of DNA methylation patterns in CpG islands. Thus, it is a qualitative technique of obtaining information on DNA methylation. The method involves the modification of the DNA using PCR with two primer pairs that are detectable in methylated and unmethylated DNA respectively (Ip, Canham, Choo, Inaba, Jacobs, Kalitsis, Mattiske, Saffery, Wong, Wong & Mann, 2012, p 9). The study of the methylation patterns focuses on the regulation of gene expressions as they occur in mammalian cells. This technique is useful from its advantages. Notably, it is highly sensitive and highly specific for particulate CpG sites, which makes it remarkably accurate. Additionally, the Methylation-specific PCR (MSP) facilitates for analysis of clinical samples, which have low levels of methylated sequences. The use of the restriction enzymes eliminates the problem of incomplete enzyme digestion; hence, giving accurate findings. The limitation of the techniq ue includes that incomplete bisulfite modification of the DNA gives false positivity results (Szyf, 2010 p 56). Further, poor design of the primers could give inconclusive results. Bisulfite sequencing technique entails the use of bisulphite treatment of the DNA to establish its pattern of methylation. It is a qualitative technique and was the first

The Pathway to Suicide Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

The Pathway to Suicide - Essay Example llenistic era, reflecting a deep pessimism about future and presence of evil and suffering in the near future associated with ultimate divine justice for the sins committed by the mankind. The Apocalyptic revelations goes back to Babylonian and the times of prophets Zachariah, who emphasized divine intervention at the time of trouble and crisis and predicted the arrival of Messiah. These writers demanded strict form of purity and developed their own theology to describe God's power. Apocalyptic writers introduced a different vocabulary into their theology and turned to nature and all its wonders to illustrate God's power (Gale Encyclopedia of Psychology, 2001). The Christ second coming became more demanding in the period of social unrest with rise in many local prophets claiming to the harbingers of new age. Many local prophets have arisen in troubled times predicting a new age, promising their followers utopian dreams, but in reality with their own semi-political goals. For example, the Camisards in the early 19th century in France or the self styles messiah of Monte Amiata South East of Tuscany in late 1860s. The New Religious movements (cults and sects) today have become a worldwide phenomenon, especially after WWII in the West. Majority of these sects manifest he characteristics of prevalent religions, but with complex theories and doctrines diluting the mainstream religion (Zellner, P22, 1998). In 1985 there were 417 sects and 501 cult movements in America alone, raising the figure to 7 million or 3 percent of America total population, while in 1989 the figure rose to 5 percent composing mainly of young people. Since 19th century there have been various Christian cults such as Church of Jesus Christ (1830), Spiritualism in (1848) and Jehovah's Witness (1872) the... Cult members normally join a cult in the time of crisis in a belief that by devoting themselves to the leader they can get freedom from the real world problems. Tragically they put their hopes on a mistaken leader who through his teaching and brainwashing leads his members to death and destruction. The cult practice makes them â€Å"dagger in the hand of leader† that often brings an end to their fate. From the above discussion it is clear that cult members become suicidal due to cults destructive teaching and resort to suicide to achieve the imaginative ideal of the cult for which they are prepared for years. For centuries man have waited for real and imaginary Messiah to deliver peace and happiness and restore order in the chaotic world. The world always had its problems and will have problems; cults will flourish, as long men believe in some external redeemer.

Newspaper D1 Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Newspaper D1 - Assignment Example According to Yuan (2010), the Chinese and American employees are employing a range of strategies to address the conflicting dilemmas. The main issues faced are the differing business etiquettes, corporate culture and employment benefits. Some of the problems encountered by the workforce are integrating with the colleagues, compelling the implementation of one’s recommended solution, making decisions by power, dominating among the team members, avoiding discussion of issues, relationship dissolution and third-party process. Moreover, the Americans are willing to confront the conflict rather than the Chinese people who try to avoid them. In order to understand the conflict, it is better to apply the human psychology concept. The idea behind this framework is that each individual has to be understood so that the personal attributes are evident and it will allow the person to utilise his capabilities efficiently in resolving the conflict. Due to globalisation and strengthening of international business avenues, the intercultural business conflicts will have to be minimised so that the desired organisational objectives can be successfully

Contemporary Theories of Reasoning: An Analysis

Contemporary Theories of Reasoning: An Analysis Computational and algorithmic challenges to contemporary theories of reasoning Kattja Madrell Reasoning is the process of using given information to draw valid conclusions and produce new information (Goel Dolan, 2003) based on a combination of beliefs and language of thought (Fodor, 2001). The language of thought hypothesis proposed by Fodor (2001) states that thought and thinking occurs in a mental language; mental representations of reasoning are like sentences and this is why language of thought is sometimes also known as Mentalese (Murat 2010). Fodor (2001) admitted, however, that language of thought alone could not be used to explain reasoning; instead a combination of language of thought and a person’s belief is now accepted as the basis of human reasoning. Evans, Barston, Pollard (1983) found that a person’s beliefs about the conclusion of an argument influenced whether or not they deemed that conclusion to be valid; the truth value of a conclusion was based upon its logical relationship to a belief (Goel Dolan, 2003). Marr’s Levels of Analysis (1982) is a tri-level hypothesis that provides us with a critical framework to analyse and evaluate models of psychology thoroughly and consistently. There are three different levels; the computational level, the algorithmic level and the implementational level. In the field of cognitive psychology these levels have also been referred to as the semantic, the syntactic, and the physical (Pylyshyn, 1984). Marr (1982) describes the three levels of analysis as the following: â€Å"1. Computational Theory: the goal of the computation, why is it appropriate, and what is the logic of the strategy by which it can be carried out? 2. Representation and algorithm: How can this computational theory be implemented? In particular, what is the representation for the input and output, and what is the algorithm for the transformation? 3. Hardware implementation: How can the representation and algorithm be realized physically?† In other words, the computational level of analysis is concerned with what the model or system in question does and why does it do so. The algorithmic level builds upon this and analyses the way in which the system performs its computation whilst the implementational level is concerned with the way in which the system is physically implemented. Each level is a realisation of the level before it providing a more complete explanation of the system than its predecessor. This allows for the preservation of many of the properties of inter-level relationships in complex systems (McClamrock, 1991). This essay will discuss some of the critical issues and challenges to various contemporary theories of reasoning using Marr’s levels of analysis. Monotonic reasoning is based upon a series of logical rules. These rules are strict, rigid and cannot be altered by the addition of new information; instead this leads to the production of new beliefs (Brachman Levesque, 2004). In the absence of justifications that would make a rule non-monotonic, we use monotonic reasoning as a default (Lakemeyer Nebel, 1994). For example: A bass guitar (A) has four strings (B) A = B. James’ instrument (C) is a bass guitar (A) A = C Therefore James’ instrument (C) has four strings (B) (C = B) This is an example of monotonic reasoning; the rules are consistent and based on logic and do not appear to be problematic. But what happens when we learn that James’s bass guitar actually has five strings? Reasoning monotonically forces us to learn a new rule (A =  ¬B) that contradicts a rule that is already known to be true (A = B). The principle of contradiction proposes that statements which contract each other – such as â€Å"a bass guitar has four strings† and â€Å"a bass guitar does not have four strings† – are mutually exclusive and cannot both be true in the same sense at the same time (Whitehead Russell, 1912). Monotonic reasoning displays a computational crisis when faced with logically contradicting information; as the rules cannot be manipulated or altered, the goal of the reasoning cannot be achieved. As we gain new information on various things on a regular basis, it is inappropriate to reason monotonically, like in classical logic (Isaac, Szymanik Verbrugge, 2013), as we will not be able to incorporate any new information to our established beliefs. It stands to reason that the only appropriate time to rely on monotonic reasoning is when in a situation in which one has complete knowledge; this, however, is still risky as one may believe that they have complete knowledge of a situation as long as they are not aware of any reason or evidence to suspect otherwise, demonstrating a false belief of what is known as the Closed World Assumption, an example of non-monotonic reasoning (Etherington, 1986) Non-monotonic reasoning is computationally more complex than monotonic reasoning; with its main forms all sharing the same level of complexity (Eiter Gottlob, 1992). This is because the system is malleable and based on various different connections being made. Unlike in monotonic reasoning, the addition of new information that may be contradictive of beliefs already held can alter what is already known; this occurs in two main ways belief revision and belief update. Belief revision is the addition of new information into a set of old beliefs without any logical contradictions or inconsistencies; preserving as much information as possible. Belief update is the changing (or ‘updating’) of old beliefs to take into account any differences (Gà ¤rdenfors, 2003). Non-monotonic reasoning leads to common-sense conclusions being drawn that are based upon the combination of both supporting evidence and the lack of contradictory evidence; Monotonic reasoning encounters problems with this due to the fact that the beliefs being reasoned about do not consider the absence of knowledge (Etherington, 1986). Non-monotonic reasoning shows a level of tautology that is not present in its monotonic counterpart; as beliefs are revised or updated to incorporate new information they become harder to negate. Take the previous example: A bass guitar (A) has four strings (B) A = B James’ instrument (C) is a bass guitar (A) A = C Therefore James’ instrument (C) has four strings (B) (C = B) We now know that the bass guitar in question has 5 strings. Using non-monotonic reasoning we can now amend our initial belief that a bass guitar has four strings so that it now shows: A bass guitar (A) usually has four strings (B) unless it does not have four strings ( ¬B) A = B unless A =  ¬B This example demonstrates a common display of default reasoning (Reiter, 1980); statistically most A’s are B’s so it is acceptable to make a general assumption based on the statistical majority. As well as making general assumptions, default reasoning is also based upon conventional and persistent assumptions, along with a lack of contradictive information (Brachman Levesque, 2004). Various rules of inference in non-monotonic reasoning have been proposed and explored, including circumscription (McCarthy, 1980) and negation as failure (Clark, 1978). The closed world assumption is a form of non-monotonic reasoning based on the assumption of complete knowledge. Proposed by Reiter in 1978 the closed world assumption is described as follows: â€Å"If we assume all relevant positive information is known, anything which is not known to be true must be false. Negative facts may simply be inferred from absence of positive counter parts† (Reiter, 1978). To put it in other terms, if P is not provable from the knowledge base available then we must assume not P ( ¬P) (Etherington, 1986). This assumption has one major flaw; should a person not be in possession of all the relevant information, then the assumption can no longer apply. When (and only when) there is a complete and expert knowledge of the matter being reasoned about is it truly appropriate to employ the closed world assumption. In order to prevent unwanted inferences of non-monotonic logic, such as the false belief of the closed world assumption, it is necessary to retract any assumption of complete knowledge; this leads to the use of implicit general assumptions (Brachman Levesque, 2004). If the addition of any newly learned information is contradictive to these general assumptions, adjustments are made (Etherington, 1986) and beliefs are updated or revised (Gà ¤rdenfors, 2003). The general assumptions made when reasoning non-monotonically are based upon normalcy obtained from knowledge and experience; we may assume that James’ bass guitar has four strings as bass guitars normally do so. But what statistical probability can be assigned to an assumption to label it as ‘normal’ and what situational factors determine which assumptions can be made? When does a situation deem it appropriate to assume? The complexity of the ever-changing algorithms behind non-monotonic reasoning lead to different results being produced; for example, due to slight changes in situation, individual differences and varying information. Default reasoning is arguably one of the most popular forms of non-monotonic reasoning (Reiter, 1978). Based on the principles of default logic (see Nebel, 1991; Goldszmidt Pearl, 1996), default reasoning demonstrates a serious computational crisis known as the specificity principle. The specificity principle states that, when faced with a logical conflict, people make assumptions based more commonly upon more specific defaults than general ones (Brachman Levesque, 2004); this can lead to stronger conclusions and, although at times, these conclusions are correct, the assumption itself that more specific defaults should be preferred is logically lacking (Brewka, 1994). In order to â€Å"make up† for this problem of specificity, one would have to overtly assign the appropriate priority levels to the defaults in regards to the situation in question. According to the principle of contradiction proposed by Whitehead Russell in 1912, when faced with a logical contradiction, a logical person should be able to disregard the restrictions of their system of reasoning to arrive at a logical conclusion. This however is not the case. In fact, much literature to date has shown human beings to behave in an illogical manner, demonstrating various logical fallacies that people reason with when using argumentation to negotiate life in a complex world (Hahn Oaksford, 2013). A few examples of this are ad hominem, ad Hitlerum and the slippery slope argument. When the character of an individual is attacked, it is suggested that any proposition they put forward should be disregarded; this is known as Ad Hominem (Hahn Oaksford, 2013). Ad hominem is a logical fallacy that proposes that once the character or credibility of an individual has been questioned, it is no longer possible for one to have absolute confidence in what that individual says (Harris, 2012). The term ad Hitlerum was coined by Leo Strauss in 1953; it is the name given to the logical argumentation that an idea or a view can be refuted if it is compared to one that may be held by Adolf Hitler, leader of the Nazi Party. Harris et al., in 2012, conducted a series of experiments to see whether or not participants agreed or disagreed with an opinion that may had been similar to a view shared by Hitler. They found that participants demonstrated sensitivity to probabilistic information when they were evaluating whether or not the ad Hitlerum argument was convincing. This showed that people based some of their conclusions on the origin of an argument rather than current facts. The slippery slope argument is another logical fallacy based upon belief or assumption rather than evidence, in this case not doing something for fear of what negative consequences that action may lead to. Corner, Hahn, and Oaksford (2011) outlined four defining components of the slippery slope argument: . â€Å"An initial proposal (A). . An undesirable outcome (C). . The belief that allowing (A) will lead to a re-evaluation of (C) in the future. . The rejection of (A) based on this belief.† Within beliefs in the slippery slope argument there appears to be some sort of implied mechanism which leads to the consequent action (C) directly from the antecedent action (A), even though this belief is not based upon prior knowledge nor empirical findings (Hahn Oaksford, 2013). These logical argumentations provide a computational challenge as, should human beings operate logically, conclusions should not be drawn based upon these fallacies however empirical evidence has shown that they frequently are (Harris et al., in 2012). Bayes Theorum is a formula proposed by Thomas Bayes that can be used to calculate probability in everyday reasoning (Bayes Price, 1763). Bayesian reasoning is the process of reasoning probabilistically under uncertain circumstances when not all information is known or available (Korb Nicholson, 2011). Using Bayes theorem, we can calculate the likelihood of different outcomes based on prior knowledge and experience of the world, assign probabilistic values and act accordingly (Oaksford Chater, 2007). The use of Bayesian reasoning has provided a new perspective in the analysis of psychological research; results from empirical studies have shown great deficits in human ability to reason logically (Wason, 1972). Where it would be most logical for participants to seek evidence that negated their hypothesis, they instead searched for and selected evidence that could only lead to the confirmation of their hypotheses (Hahn, Harris Oaksford, 2013). Using Bayes Theorem, however, Oaksford Chater (1994) demonstrated that this confirmatory response was actually the most probabilistically logical response; it involved the selection of data that provided the most information about the truth or falsity of the hypotheses (Hahn, Harris Oaksford, 2013). Persuasion is the process of sending a message to change a belief or incite an action. As well as its personal use, persuasion plays a major role in advertising, politics, law and many more public activities (Kamenica Gentzkow, 2009). There are a variety of different Bayesian persuasion mechanisms, such as talk games (Crawford Sobel, 1982), persuasion games (Milgrom Roberts, 1986), and signalling games (Spence, 1973); Bà ©nabou and Tirole (2004) further adapted the use of Bayesian persuasion to investigate mechanisms of self-signalling and self-regulation. Throughout all aspects of Bayesian reasoning, one thing remains constant; a person (A) can affect the actions of another (B) only by first changing the beliefs of B (Kamenica Gentzkow, 2009). Bayesian persuasion has been criticised in terms of its computational properties. Unlike argumentation, persuasion is concerned with what persuasive techniques work and why regardless of whether or not the reasoning was rational (Madsen et al., 2013). Empirically, the results of study into persuasion have shown that the effects on a person’s beliefs rarely persist (Cook Flay, 1978). There is also a lack of evidence in literature demonstrating that belief change resulting from a persuasive argument produces behaviour that corresponds with the change in belief (Festinger 1964). Bayesian reasoning shows a great deal of algorithmic complexity. The type of information being reasoned about has an effect upon the conclusions drawn with people showing greater difficulty in reasoning with conditional information than joint information (Lewis Keren, 1999). The probability estimates for a hypothesis are frequently updated with the addition of new relevant information using Bayesian inference. Gigerenzer Hoffrage (1995) analysed thousands of Bayesian problems and found that the adaptation of Bayes theorem using a frequency formats can be used to reduce algorithmic complexity. Bayesian persuasion is also a very complex process, most successful persuasion of belief happens after multiple persuasion attempts over a long period of time (Kamenica Gentzkow, 2009). Hahn and Oaksford (2013) proposed that the most influential factor of persuasion is the quality of the argument being put forward; because the quality of an argument is subject to personal opinion it provokes the question ‘what makes an argument good or bad?’ Human beings are not perfect Bayesians (Mullainathan, Schwartzstein Shleifer, 2008) and while some persuasive activities may reflect a person’s failures of rationality, Kamenica and Gentzkow (2009) concluded that a complete understanding of a Bayesian persuasion is needed in order to fully assess results in literature. Recently, psychological study has begun addressing the current issues in the computational and algorithmic levels of different types of reasoning. The effects of emotion upon the ability to reason logically have been called in to question (see Blanchette, 2013; Ayesh, 2003) as has the much greater issue of subjectivity in Bayesian reasoning (see Press, 2009; Ben-David Ben-Eliyahu-Zohary, 2000).

Analysis of High Turnover Rate :: essays research papers

Analysis of High Turnover Rate Introduction High turnover rate of minorities and female employees has become a serious issue in the United States. Even though many ethnic races form this country, male Anglo-Saxons dominate the majority of the workforce. It is not uncommon for minority and female employees to leave their company after only working for a few years. Why has this behavior become a trend? In order to stop this trend, companies must ask themselves several questions. For example, what are the issues causing the high turnover rate? What legal and ethical issues are the companies facing? After these questions have been asked and processed, solutions must be implemented to change the flow of the trend. While implementing solutions to the high turnover rate, companies must know and understand the law. The law is created and enforced by the government to prevent any discrimination or biases between the company and employees. It also prevents the strong, corporations, from taking advantage of the weak, employees. Keeping a high turnover rate, companies will continue to lose money until they decide to deal with the issue. Through some adjustments and implementations of the programs to lower turnover rates, the company can see a significant change in their costs and what they might actually save. Companies must understand the potential hazard that high turnover rate may cause company. By analyzing banks, one can understand what and where the problem lies. Statement of Problem Employee turnover costs are very costly to a company. Turnover not only affects the bottom line but also affects the company’s morale. We are analyzing the problems within our company that are causing our employees to become unsatisfied with their job. Then we are going to find solutions. And then do the cost estimates of the turnover costs and the turnover savings after our solutions are implemented. Without understand the negative impacts of turnover, a company may be placing itself in a position that will ultimately lead to their demise. We are going to solve our problems and set our company on the path to success, a success that is not only reflected in our bottom line but also our employees’ morale. History ANALYSIS Currently, the Bank of Tomenak employees 20,000 people, which only 35% are female or minority. The average biannual turnover rate for our females and minority employees is 65%. The average turnover cost for one employee is estimated to be 18% of their annual salary.

Safety Features in Automobiles Essay -- Expository Essays Research Pap

Safety Features  in Automobiles "Motor vehicle crashes are the number one killer of Americans under the age of 34. Every 22 minutes someone is killed in a crash" (Vince and Larry). Since 1990, many new safety features have been put into vehicles to help save lives. These features are Antilock brakes, airbags, OnStar, and four-wheel drive or all wheel drive. "One of the best safety features available is anti-lock braking system" (Gillis). Antilock brake system (ABS) is a safety feature that keeps the brakes from locking up so the driver can maintain control over steering and directional stability in situations where the driver has to apply heavy brakes, heavy enough that if the vehicle was not equipped with ABS, the brakes would lock up. ABS is usually engaged on slippery road surfaces, when traction is minimal. If a person's brakes lock up on a slippery surface, then the vehicle could loose steering control and the vehicle could spin. ABS could help a person avoid an accident because it allows a person to maintain steering control of the vehicle (Questions and answers...). In a vehicle not equipped with an antilock brake system, the driver has to manually pump the brakes to keep from sliding. ABS works by sensing each wheel's speed. When the sensors detects that the wheels are about to lock up, the ABS computer automatically changes the amount of brake fluid being sent to each wheel. With ABS engaged, the vehicle will "Maintain optimum braking performance---just short of locking up the wheels." The computer will keep adjusting the brake pressure as the road conditions change (Antilock brake systems ...). The four main parts of an antilock brake system are the speed sensors, the pump, the valves, and the controller. Th... ...ve.htm National Highway Traffic Safety Administration. (1996). Moving * forward: expanding collaborations between traffic safety and public health. MA. Education Development Center, inc.. National Highway Traffic Safety Administration. (1998). Questions and * answers regarding antilock brake systems (ABS). U.S. Department of Transportation. National Highway Traffic Safety Administration. (1999). New car safety features. U.S. Department of Transportation. National Highway Traffic Safety Administration. (2000). Antilock brake * systems (ABS): reading this could be one of the safest things you ever do. U.S. Department of Transportation. OnStar. (2002). What is OnStar: services. Retrieved March 14, 2003, from http://onstar.com/visitors/html/ao_features.htm "Vince and Larry." (1991). Vince and Larry on belts and bags. U.S. Department of Transportation.

Belonging Is More Than a Connection to a Place; It Also Means Being at Home Within Yourself and Knowing Who You Are

Belonging is an essential part of human life that is not always just a connection to a place; it is a feeling of being at home within yourself and having the patience to discover who you are. Being at home within yourself is a process that is not instantaneous and this is evident in the film Ten Canoes and the poem ‘Digging’. Through characters and text specific techniques, the film and poem portray processes of how developing an understanding of group dynamics and relationships allows one to gain a sense of personal belonging, deeper than merely a connection to a place. Understanding the group dynamics and laws relating to specific cultures allows one to avoid alienation and feel comfortable as an individual. The narrative voice of David Gulpilil in Ten Canoes invites the audience into his story of the covetous youth, Dayindi and his older brother who has three wives, Minygululu. Minygululu also has a story to tell, diachronically through time to that of the ancestors, Yeeralparil and Rijimiraril, not to the audience but to Dayindi, â€Å"to help him live the proper way†, however the audience is still involved through the narration of David Gulpilil, â€Å"it is Minygululu’s story for Dayindi back then, and it is my story for you now† so the audience can learn this ‘proper way’ too. Dayindi is introduced through the voice over as a young and somewhat naive boy who lusts for his brother’s youngest wife and resents living in the single mans camp. It is obvious Dayindi does not quite belong to this clan, despite his connection to the tribe and the land through birth, â€Å"they make fun of Dayindi, they know he is liking the younger wife of his brother Minygululu†. Dayindi steps outside what is socially accepted as the proper way, the law and this alienates him. Dayindi is impatient and throughout the story states, â€Å"the only thing he learned is that Minygululu take long time to tell a story†, but through this drawn out story Dayindi learns that understanding the right way is not an instantaneous process but it requires patience. By learning the laws, the ‘proper way’, Dayindi overcomes his wrongful desires of the young wife and achieves a sense of belonging to the tribe that comes from his own personal realisation of who is he is and what is right. The poem ‘Digging’ also depicts how an understanding of what is morally accepted within a culture enhances how an individual belongs within themselves. The Irish poem arrests the attention of the reader with a smile, â€Å"the squat pen rests; as snug as a gun†, hinting at the fraught context of poem, written during a time of war. The persona then seems to escape the brutal reality of life at this time by going back diachronically in time, a technique similar to that of the ancestral story within a story, depicted in Ten Canoes. He goes back to a memory of watching his father digging, through the proud memory of the hard working men of his family, â€Å"could cut more turf in a day than any other man on Toner’s bog† inspires within him a new determination. â€Å"I’ve no spade to follow men like them†, however, â€Å"the squat pen rests. I’ll dig with it†. The pen is no longer associated with a snug gun and its unlawful violence, but the concept that ideas win wars and he will dig for ideas. He can still belong to this family of hardworking diggers now he has an understanding of how he can work hard with the other tool available to him, the lawful one, and through this understanding a new determination and sense of home within oneself is gained. Through relationships of kinship and ancestors one can achieve a sense of belonging within themselves from knowing where they come from and what this means. In Ten Canoes, Dayindi’s kinship with his brother and link to his ancestor Yeeralparil allow him to overcome his lust for Minygululu’s young wife and feel at home within himself. Minygululu, does not chastise Dayindi in the film for having feelings for his younger wife, but casually tells him a story to help him. This strengthens the somewhat disrupted relationship between the two brothers and Dayindi learns, â€Å"one important thing in his life. He is learning to be patient†. With the patience that his brother teaches him, Dayindi accepts his position in the tribe and knows one day he will have a wife, but he must wait and do things the right way. Through the story being told of Yeeralparil, Dayindi relates to this ancestor and in the film, the two characters are played by the same actor, Jamie Gulpilil which enhances this relationship between the two young men. Dayindi learns that for Yeeralparil, the fantasy of the youngest wife never become a reality, even when his brother Rijimiraril dies, and so he too knows within himself the same fate is for him. Through the two relationships Dayindi learns to accept that he will never be with the young wife and this realisation allows him to lose his resentment and do what is right in the tribe in order to belong. In the poem ‘Digging’ the persona maintains a sense of belonging through the relationship he has with his family. â€Å"The old man could handle a spade, just like his old man. † The proud recognition of his family history is obvious through the finely observed memory with strong details that engage all of the senses, allowing the audience to be a part of this diachronic experience, â€Å"the cold smell†, the â€Å"soggy peat†, and â€Å"straining rump†. Through this detailed description and admiration of his hardworking family the audience can see that he feels a strong sense of belonging with these people. But he is not immediately apart of that group as the audience is informed at the beginning of the poem, he is an office man, an educated man with not a shovel but a â€Å"squat pen† rested in his hand. It is only through a feeling of being at home within himself, and the feelings of home that he has held onto from his past that he can still belong to his ancestors. Although Dayindi belongs to his tribe and the land through his birth rights he needs more than a connection to a place in order to belong. It is only when he learns the process of understanding the laws and accepting his place through a strengthening relationship with his brother that he feels he belongs within himself and ultimately his tribe. The poem ‘Digging’ enforces similar processes of family kinship and understanding how to overcome breaking the law in order to belong within oneself. Through knowing group dynamics and having strong relationships, a deeper sense of belonging is created, a feeling of being at home within yourself.