Traditional Capsules

Traditional capsules formulations Consists of a 2 piece hard gelatin shell, with a powder blend. Typical formulation would be:- Active Diluent Glidant Lubricant Wetting agent Capsules have advantages as oral dosage forms: Easy to administer, simpler formulations (Vs tablets-fewer stability problems) Taste/ odour masking Potentially good bioavailability Liquid filled capsules -Advantages 1. Dose Uniformity In a powder capsule for potent drug choice the problems are achieving homogenous mix at the required scale of scrutiny. To overcome this problem we could formulate as a solution; 100% homogenous.Filling liquids also avoids problems of poor powder flow; if this occurs during filling, can lead to variation of fill weight. (with a 1% possible) . 2. Patient safety compliance/consumer preference Softgel capsule shel soft/flexlble; popular dosage form, due to ; Ease of swallowing Absence of taste Convenience (portable, robust) Soft gels capsules can be formulated to be taken In different ways; Chewable or lozenges Twist-offs (with a tag allows access to contents) 3. Increased Bioavailability Dissolution of drug from solid state (I. e formulated as an ordinary tab/cap) can be rate limiting step.This often true for non-polar drugs. But In llquld fill cap, drug Is In a form from which It can be absorbed rapidly. Drug being In solution has additional advantage (I. e Vs tablet, fro low solublllty drug) Reduces varlablllty of drug plasma levels (between patients) 4. Safety Powder processing of very potent or cytoxlc drug hazardous; dust contamination avoided by solution. 5. Olly/low melting point drugs Dlffllcult to make Into † normal† tab/cap (drug could partly melt during compression) 6. Product stablllty Drug can be protected against 02/H20 by using llpld vehicle and soft gel shell.Considerations for Capsule shell Having llquld In direct contact with the shell -more potential for formulation -pack Interaction, particularly affecting Integrity. Therefore, an y trace of water cannot be used because water dissolves gelatin hence won't work. Llqulds can be filled Into Dotn sort ana nara cap- out OITTerent conslaeratlons apply. can't necessarlly Till same formulation into both types, need to think about composition of the shell itself (gelatin) Gelatin for Hard Capsules Main problem Liquid fill hard gel caps is; Residual moisture loss†¦. rom the shell into the formulation Hydrogels require 13% to 6% level of moisture, to retain strength. Hence hygroscopic solvents cannot be used as excipients in liquid filled caps since they might take up some water. E. g ethanol, liquid PEG, glycerol, PG. (all these cannot be used for hard capsule) During preformulations studies, we have to check that excipients are compatible with shell. Excipients that can be used for hard capsule; Lipophilic liquids/semi solids e. g arachis, castor, olive oils. Also some surfactants & emulsifiers. As an alternative, could consider HPMC (hydroxypropyl methylcellulos e) caps.Residual water not so important for integrity of shell, so wider range of olvents may be possible. Gelatin for soft capsules â€Å"Formulation† of soft gel caps themselves are different to hardgel . Typically the gelatin plus: Plasticiser ( to give flexibility). Often 20-30% Glycerol is frequently used Water; lower residual level than hardcaps, 5-8% Colourant /opacifier Lower water level needed for the soft caps means ; hydrophilic solvents e. g. PEG 400can be used unlike for hard gels. (but need to be aware of migration into shell) Manufacture of Hardgel Caps In brief, Formulation is pumped into bottom half of shell, then cap is replaced.Issues for manu. Hardgel caps Formulation viscosity (liquid & semi solid possible) Temperature of filling Sealing of capsule shell afterwards NB: Therefore need to consider physical aspects of formulation, as well as filling equipment available. Rheological Considerations Simplest formulation is a solution in which active dissolves, at room temp. Very precise control of filling possible. In-soluble active If active is not soluble, could consider using elevated temperatures, up to 70Deg. Celcius. (Above this could damage the shell) But when the temperature falls again, inside the shell drug would re-precipitate at RT.As a consequence resulting particle size will be important (bioavailability). Another problem; Recrystallized/suspended drug inside capsule shell wil; have a potential to cake re â€Å"normal† suspension, could get crystal growth. t Is posslDle to Till a suspenslon out tnen anotner proDlem to solve; May oe a to keep homogenous, during filling. 2 Alternatives for insoluble drugs; 1 . Thixotrpic gel; Undergoes shear thinning during mixing/filling. so then enough to but gel resets in capsule Typical formulation- Lipophilic solvent (oil) *gel-former (e. g. silicon dioxide).Silicon ioxide only forms a gel in a lipophilic environment. 2. Thermosoftened system Formulation is a liquid or suspension a t (elevated) filling temperature, but solid or semi solid at RT. Typically based on a high molecular PEG, eg PEG 10,000 (soft but solid) If drug crystallises, will need to consider resulting particle size as previously. Manu. Of Hardgell caps cont'd a)Filling- Hardgell caps On a development (small) scale, can use a syringe. Large-scale machines use volumetric pumps- hopper and nozzle can be heated. Up to 100,000 caps/hr possible.

The War Between Detergent Giants Hindustan Unilever (Hul) and Procter & Gamble (P) Continues

The war between detergent giants Hindustan Unilever (HUL) and Procter & Gamble (P&G) continues. [pic] This ad is special as it is plain stupid. However, a recent ad on TV takes a direct dig on the competitor’s product which is not something that has been seen on the Indi-Ad scene. The indirect references in ads have been in plenty but never ever I have seen such a direct attack. If you are familiar with Tide ads, their USP has been to highlight the superior technology which make the clothes more white/bright as compared to the other detergents. The new campaign that I am referring to has been started by Rin, a product of Hindustan Unilever Limited. It is a direct attack on the Tide Naturals product by Procter & Gamble. Note that when I say a direct attack – it means an uncensored visual shows the competitor product and then highlights how the other product is better then the former. The sequence of the ad is as follows 1. Two ladies are standing on a bus stop, waiting to pick their kids from their school bus. 2. Both are carrying their shopping basket/bag with them. 3. Lady 1 has Tide Naturals in her bag. 4. Lady 2 has Rin in her bag 5. Both ladies have a look at each other’s bag and Lady 1 boasts that Tide has a good fragrance and provide better whiteness/brightness to the clothes 6. In the meantime, the school bus arrives and it’s shown that the white shirt of Lady 2’s kid is strikingly brighter and whiter then the Lady 1’s kid. 7. Lady 1 gets astonished by the whiteness seen. 8. Lady 2’s kid reacts by asking he mother, as to why is the other lady so observant and amazed 9. There is a disclaimer during the ad that the analysis has been done by an independent agency 10. It’s then claimed that now there is promotional price of Rs. 25 on Rin as opposed to the earlier Rs. 35. As you can notice, there is a direct mention of the competitor product along with the visuals. Earlier we had seen, how a row was created when Onida referred to Nokia in it’s ad though   indirectly . This one seems to be an absolute direct attack. It is difficult to say if the ad will continue on TV. Tide would definitely come out with a protest. However, I think the damage is already done. The main point about the reduced price of Rin would definitely catch the consumer’s eye benefiting HUL. The ad is as given below The gloves are off, and it seems a bare-knuckle fight between consumer product majors Hindustan Unilever and Procter & Gamble is inevitable in the market. HUL has landed the first punch on Cincinnati-headquartered P&G on air, in front of millions of viewers on primetime television. In the first move of its kind by HUL, the latest on-air communication of homecare brand Rin has openly taken on rival P&G’s Tide, without the typical airbrushing or pixellation to hide the rival brand name on TV. The Rin washing powder commercial, which went on air on Friday, claims to be a better quality product in comparison to Tide. The visual clearly shows a variant of Tide, Tide Naturals, shown against Rin with the audio saying ‘Tide se kahin behatar safedi de Rin’ (Rin gives better whiteness than Tide). Within a day of its going on air, the campaign has landed up in court. A source at HUL said its rival has gone to court and everyone at HUL has been asked not to speak about the ad. â€Å"I have not even seen the advertisement,† said a person in the sales team handling Rin’s marketing. But we have been told not to comment on anything. † However, the HUL spokesperson said, â€Å"This advertisement reinforces the promise to Rin consumers that Rin delivers superior whiteness. This claim is based on laboratory tests done through globally accepted protocols in independent third-party laboratories. † People close to the action said the HUL move comes as the company was worried about the Tide variant eating into Rin’s pie riding on superior quality attributes. Earlier, skirmishes between the two companies were always restricted to disguised comparative advertising or matching each other’s price cuts in the market. This time, however, HUL has decided to engage P&G directly, backed by laboratory data and certification of a superior quality product. â€Å"The company realised there was some confusion in the minds of Rin consumers because of the rival offering at a lower price. So HUL decided to take on competition openly,† a person said. When asked about the likely response to the ad, a P&G spokesperson said, â€Å"We are aware of a disparaging advertisement on air against one of our brands. We will, however, continue to stay focused on growing our share via delighting consumers and focusing our communication on the benefits of our brand. A market expert said the HUL commercial was strategically timed to coincide with the long weekend thus giving the Anglo-Dutch company enough air time to show the commercial. â€Å"Even if P&G decides to take any action against HUL, the TV commercial running on prime time has already got enough visibility in the past few days. † Industry observers are now watching with interest P&G’s possible response to such a blatant claim by a rival. While some are talking about a possible legal recourse, another school of thought envisages P&G opening up another front against HUL by taking on Surf. The war between FMCG giants Hindustan Unilever and Procter & Gamble intensified with the two seeking legal redressal alleging foul | | play on detergent powder advertisements. HUL, which has been asked by advertising watchdog ASCI to respond to complaints of â€Å"disparaging† the rival product Tide in its Rin ad, got a boost from an order by Madras High Court directing P&G to modify its Tide ad. Meanwhile, P&G moved Calcutta High Court yesterday against HUL for putting out a â€Å"disparaging† advertisement against Tide. We are aware of the disparaging advertisement on air against Tide Naturals and have filed a case against the same,† a Procter and Gamble spokesperson said. â€Å"The matter is currently being heard in the court and we are not in a position to comment on the outcome,† the spokesperson added. HUL's Rin TV commercial, which went on air on February 26, claims that it is better than Tide, with a tagline ‘Tide se kahin behatar safedi de Ri n'. Until now, it has been rare for Indian companies to compare rival brands by naming and/or attacking them directly in advertisements. According to the latest January report by Morgan Stanley, Rin has lost as much as 25 basis points in market share while P's Tide has gained 60 basis points. HUL has already reduced prices of Rin to arrest the decline. In its case HUL has challenged P&G's claim in an advertisement that Tide contains natural ingredients like lemon and chandan. The Court on March 1 passed an order asking P to mod he gloves are off, and it seems a bare-knuckle fight between consumer product majors Hindustan Unilever and Procter & Gamble is | | nevitable in the market. HUL has landed the first punch on Cincinnati-headquartered P on air, in front of millions of viewers on primetime television. In the first move of its kind by HUL, the latest on-air communication of homecare brand Rin has openly taken on rival P Tide, without the typical airbrushing or pixellation to hide the rival brand name on TV. The Rin washing powder commercial, which went on air on Friday, claims to be a better quality product in comp arison to Tide. The visual clearly shows a variant of Tide, Tide Naturals, shown against Rin with the audio saying ‘Tide se kahin behatar safedi de Rin’ (Rin gives better whiteness than Tide). Within a day of its going on air, the campaign has landed up in court. A source at HUL said its rival has gone to court and everyone at HUL has been asked not to speak about the ad. â€Å"I have not even seen the advertisement,† said a person in the sales team handling Rin’s marketing. â€Å"But we have been told not to comment on anything. † However, the HUL spokesperson said, â€Å"This advertisement reinforces the promise to Rin consumers that Rin delivers superior whiteness. This claim is based on laboratory tests done through globally accepted protocols in independent third-party laboratories. † People close to the action said the HUL move comes as the company was worried about the Tide variant eating into Rin’s pie riding on superior quality attributes. Earlier, skirmishes between the two companies were always restricted to disguised comparative advertising or matching each other’s price cuts in the market. This time, however, HUL has decided to engage P directly, backed by laboratory data and certification of a superior quality product. â€Å"The company realised there was some confusion in the minds of Rin consumers because of the rival offering at a lower price. So HUL decided to take on competition openly,† a person said. When asked about the likely response to the ad, a P spokesperson said, â€Å"We are aware of a disparaging advertisement on air against one of our brands. We will, however, continue to stay focused on growing our share via delighting consumers and focusing our communication on the benefits of our brand. A market expert said the HUL commercial was strategically timed to coincide with the long weekend thus giving the Anglo-Dutch company enough air time to show the commercial. â€Å"Even if P decides to take any action against HUL, the TV commercial running on prime time has already got enough visibility in the past few days. † Industry observers are no w watching with interest P possible response to such a blatant claim by a rival. While some are talking about a possible legal recourse, another school of thought envisages P opening up another front against HUL by taking on Surf. ify the ad.

Poverty As A Cause Of Crime Essay

Poverty remains a critical social problem that needs to be addressed. Philippines’ poverty line marks a per capita income of 16,841 pesos a year. According to the data from the national statistical coordination board, more than one-quarter (27.9%) of the population fell below the poverty line the first semester of 2012, an approximate 1 per cent increase since 2009. This figure is a much lower figure as compared to the 33.1% in 1991. The unevenness of the decline of poverty has been attributed to a large range of income brackets across regions and sectors, and unmanaged population growth. The Philippines poverty rate is roughly the same level as Haiti. The government planned to eradicate poverty as stated in the Philippines development plan 2011-2016 (PDP). The PDP for those six years are an annual economic growth of 7-8% and the achievement of the millennium development goals (MDGS). Under the MDGS, Philippines committed itself to having extreme poverty from a 33.1% in 1991 t o 16.6% by 2015. see more:essays on crimes Poverty reduction has not kept up with GDP growth rates, largely due to the high unemployment rate, high inflation rate and wide income inequality. The official rate of unemployment for 2012 in the Philippines was 6.8 per cent. Crime, the term crime denotes an unlawful act punishable by a state. The term crime does not, in modern criminal law, have any simple and universally accepted definition, though statutory definitions have been provided for certain purposes. The most popular view is that crime is a category created by law. In ordinary language, the term crime denotes an unlawful act punishable by a state. The term crime does not, in modern criminal law, have any simple and universally accepted definition, though statutory definitions have been provided for certain purposes. The most popular view is that crime is a category created by law. Poverty and crime have a very intimate relationship that has been described by experts from all fields, from sociologists to economists. The UN and the World Bank both rank crime high on the list of obstacles to a country’s development. This means that governments trying to deal with poverty often also have to face the issue of crime as they try to develop their country’s economy and society. In the countries where social discrimination factor isn’t very strong, results have shown that less education meant more criminal offenses ranging from property to casual theft and drug-related offenses. It appears  that in fact, poverty itself more tied with violence, criminal damage and also drug use- as a catalyst to violence. There are huge consequences of this kind of research for public policy and the positive impact of keeping children in school and reducing poverty.

Work Specialization in Starbuck's Research Paper

Work Specialization in Starbuck's - Research Paper Example In this case, five organizational structural elements are discussed which are: work specialization, departmentalization, and chain of command, the span of control and centralization & decentralization. Work specialization: Work specialization refers to how the operational jobs are divided into several small parts. In work specialization, an organization does not assign a whole task to one employee; rather the organization divides the task to certain sub-parts which are performed by individual employees. It is widely used in production procedures which help to accelerate the whole operation. The positive side of work specialization is that it not only can raise the level of expertise of employees, assist in the improvement of special technology, minimize training expenses; but it can also generate dullness and tediousness by performing the same type of task and also offer fewer prospects for development (Mukherjee, 2009). In Starbucks, the work is highly specialized. In the stores, the operation is divided into several sub-parts. Almost four employees are required to operate a ‘drive-through a window’. One employee is in charge of receiving the order, the second one runs the cash register, the third one operates the espresso machine, and the fourth employee completes any additional requirements when required. In the roasting facility of Starbucks, each employee has his/her own tasks to preserve the product quality of their assigned step in the entire production process (Robbins & Et. Al., 2008). Departmentalization: Departmentalization is the alignment of interrelated organizational actions into divisions. The focus of departments in an organization can be internal or external. Internal departmentalization is characterized by internal tasks or jobs of employees and resources required to undertake the jobs.

The NBA Lockout Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

The NBA Lockout - Essay Example A labor union uses certain tools to enforce their demands such as strikes and collective bargaining with the management, while the management uses tools such as lockouts to strengthen their position in a negotiation. There are a number of causes for a lockout. A lockout can be triggered by a strike of the labor union, for example, if the strike causes loss to the organization, the management of the organization may call a lockout in order to weaken the position of the workers and the management may continue the lockout unless the workers leave the union and agree to work with the organization or the labor union ends the strike and agrees the terms of the management. In more common cases, a lockout takes place when the labor union refuses to accept the final offer made by the management of an organization in a negotiation. In such scenarios, the management calls for a lockout in order to put pressure over the workers to accept the offer of the management. The case with the NBA lockout is quite similar to the second example presented above. The NBA owners initiated the lockout after the owners proposed significant cuts in the salaries but the union of players refused to accept the offer. The contract ended before the union and the NBA owners could reach a final settlement and the scenario resulted in a lockout. From the analysis of the historical data available regarding the NBA lockouts, it has been found that the main reason behind lockouts is the failure to negotiate the salary system of the players. In some scenarios, the management agrees to accept the demands of the union as a result of the shock effect but in case of NBA the negotiations are usually stricter as compared to other organizations. In the 1998-99 NBA lockout the owners wanted to change the salary cap system of the players and sought to cut down the overall salaries of the players. The National Basketball Players Association (NBPA) refused to accept the plans of the owners and demanded for incre ases in the salaries of the players. Ultimately, the negotiations reached a dead end and a consensus could not be reached by both the sides and this scenario ended in a lockout which lasted from 1 July 1998 to 20 February 1999. The 2011 NBA lockout occurred due to a reason similar to that of the 1998-99 lockout. The last negotiations between the owners and the players took place in 2005 and both sides reached a deal before the end of the last contract. The term of the contract was six years and it was due to end on 30 June 2011. In order to enter into a fresh contract, negotiations between the owners and the players started in the beginning of 2011. The argument on the owner side was a little stricter this time because the owners presented a claim that they were not gaining enough revenue and they were bearing a loss of $300 million each year. The league proposed to reduce the salaries of the players by as much as 40% and it also proposed a modification on the salary cap of teams wh ich would result in a reduction of the salaries of the players. Such strict changes were completely unacceptable by the union which did not consider these figures equitable for the players, thus the union initiated collective bargaining with the owners. The union planned to be steadfast in its bargaining to such as extent that the director of the union, Billy Hunter, advised the players to be ready for a lockout which was expected considering the strictness on both sides of the negotiation

Wal-Mart's German Misadventure - case study Term Paper

Wal-Mart's German Misadventure - case study - Term Paper Example Indeed, proper global marketing if implemented correctly has the  ability  to guide a company to the next level. Different  strategies  are employed based on each specific region where  the company is operating (Ocampo, 1). For example, McDonald's varies its operation and attitude towards business based on their restaurants’ location. The company identifies the popular items within a given country and then focuses on marketing the same. Global marketing is particularly important for business organizations that provide products as well as services possessing a universal demand. McDonald’s success story can be well illustrated through the presentation of some simple statistical evidences: in fact, â€Å"McDonald’s is now the â€Å"leading global food service retailer† with 33,000 local restaurants and serving almost 68 million people in119 countries each day (Introduction to McDonald’s)†. ... The following report illustrates the case of Wal-Mart, the world’s biggest retail chain that struggled to concrete its feet in Germany, incurring huge loss and experiencing successive obliteration from the German market. Overview and Background of the case company- Wal-Mart Stores, INC is an American public stock company, which is into a business that runs a chain of warehouse stores and discount departments worldwide. Sam Walton founded it in 1962 and since then, the company hasn’t stopped growing, increasing its stores number from 24 in 1967 to 276 in 1980. Nowadays, the company operates in 4400 stores in the US only and has expanded its activities internationally. The company integrated the NYSE (New York Stock Exchange) in 1972. Moreover, Wal-Mart has all over 8500 stores in the entire world under 55 different names such as in Mexico where it operates as Walmax, in Britain it operates as Asda likewise Seiyu in Japan and as Best price in India. It has been successful in implementing their concept globally, ranking among the top retailers in the various countries they operate in. In act, after it has started its globalization plans in the 90s, Wal-Mart became by 2003 the largest retailer in Mexico, Canada, Argentina and Puerto Rico. The organization was started as a single store, which soon became the largest retail shop of the world. Thanks to its prolific success, the organization is called the â€Å"TREND SETTER† in retail chain shops by some researchers. Furthermore, Wal-Mart operates each store from the product, which they have in stocks. Wal-Mart has a philosophy of providing lowest price everyday or EDLP and superior customer support. This company uses its unique cross-docking inventory system, which reduces the

Research paper Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words - 12

Research paper - Essay Example A good swimming technique relies on the efficiency of one’s power transfer process by overcoming drag. Moreover, deriving maximum energy output from the effort put in is mainly the essence for swimmers to improve their performance in competitive swimming. The discussion provides a detailed technical analysis of swimming strokes – freestyle, backstroke, and butterfly, along with a review of the biomechanical principles related to each of those strokes. Furthermore, suggestions of drills or exercises for improving the favorite stroke of backstroke, based on the technical and biomechanical aspects, will also be critiqued. The basic swimming strokes of Freestyle, Backstroke, and Butterfly stroke are taken for analysis focusing on its biomechanics and technical aspects. Freestyle is generally the fastest and most popular stroke, with front crawl being the most commonly chosen among swimmers. That is, although swimmers or in particular ones in competition can choose whatever stroke they wish during the freestyle, mostly they choose front crawl which involves the swimmer circling his/her arms forward in alternation even while kicking their foots up and down. Next, the Backstroke, or otherwise the elementary backstroke is perfect for recreational and competitive arena. In this swimming stroke, the individual lies right on his back in the supine position on water and the strokes are done with one arm at a time. Last, the butterfly stroke is done on the breast, by moving both the arms and is accompanied by the dolphin kick. Unlike the other strokes, butterfly stroke is quite difficult and requires adequate practice with proper technique and strong muscle coordination. Freestyle, being the fastest stroke, would clearly improve one’s speed in swimming and this stroke is quite essential for lifeguard practices. As above-mentioned, it is characterized by stroking of the arms alternatively over the water surface, accompanied with alternating flutter kick in an

Metro Newspaper Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Metro Newspaper - Assignment Example This will be done using strategic model for analysis that includes: SWOT and PEST, Scenario Planning, Bowman's Strategy Clock, Boston Consulting Group Matrix, Potential Generic Strategy and finally Critical Success Factor Analysis. Metro Newspaper has grown international to a number of countries. They showed a significant growth initially in terms of readership but this began to fall later in the years. Metro was launched in 1995 by Kinnevik group with an intention of finding a lucrative niche in a market which was not dominated. Metro Newspaper will be analysed using strategic models of analysis such as SWOT and PEST, scenario planning and finally critical success factor analysis. SWOT analysis to gauges the degree of fit between the organisation's strategies and its environment, and to suggest ways in which the organisation can profit from strengths and opportunities and shield itself against weaknesses and threats.1 Whereas SWOT analysis measures a Metro Newspaper business unit, PEST analysis measures its market as it is a framework for reviewing a situation. It is normally used to review a strategy or direction of a company. In PEST analysis, Metro Newspaper should have considered its environment before commencing a marketing process. All aspects of planning in an organisation should have been done by collecting facts in the environmental analysis which should have been done continuously. For the case of Metro Newspaper, they used PEST analysis to understand the market growth because they were aware that Metro free morning newspaper had become very popular and it continued to grow steadily. It is still due to PEST analysis that Metro newspaper came to understand that they launched Kinnevik products with an intention of finding a lucrative niche in a market where rivalry was unlimited. Through PEST analysis, the Metro Times Group was set up by Kinnevik group in 1988 after doing a feasibility study and they became pioneers in the Scandinavian media market. They started a television and media ventures and for them to achieve they organisational goals they assessed the market and obtained benefits from coordination of advertising sales, production, customer services and cross promotion. Due to the fact that Metro newspaper was marketing its products international, they were considering the state of a trading economy in both short and long terms. They indeed considered the level of inflation and employment level per capita, the long term prospects for the economy and the interest rates. The socio cultural factor is also an important factor that Metro newspaper considered while going internationally. The socio cultural factors include the attitude the foreign country would have toward their products, if the language barrier would have any impact in the diffusion of their products in the market and also the population demography. Metro Newspaper considered these socio cultural factors because they ensure they engaged the local people in their firm and also target the young generation in the newspaper by

Management and Information Systems Individual Portfolio Report Essay

Management and Information Systems Individual Portfolio Report - Essay Example First, the contribution of each project to the achievement of the portfolio is considered to justify the adoption of the portfolio. Secondly, the manager examines the performance effectiveness of each project in the portfolio. Thirdly, the developer of the portfolio reviews the negative impact of the project on the performance of other projects in the company (Fritz and Schiefer, 2009). Finally, the manager contemplates the dependent and independent projects in a specific portfolio. Ginsters Company operates in a demanding market due to the increased competition in the region. In addition, the company’s operation costs tend to increase because of the long distribution chain. Development of a reliable and appropriate management portfolio for the distribution channel is essential in enhancing the performance of the organisation (Mail Online, 2010). Ginsters Company produces and distributes Cornish pastry, which is in the food industry. The food industry is among the most sensitive sectors in various economies. Management of various processes in the industry requires an appropriate approach to the ethics. There are various ethical issues in the food industry (Strbac, 2008). First, the manufacturing process of the food should embrace cleanliness and health of the consumers (Laudon and Laudon, 2002). In addition, various manufacturers of food products in the world should embrace good practices in their distribution channels in order to enhance the value of the food. Second, the marketing, manufacturing and distribution of the food product are major ethical issues. In this case, the manufacturing process adheres to various ethics such as cleanliness in the systems and use of appropriate raw materials (Fritz and Schiefer, 2009). In addition, the distribution channel should uphold the freshness of the food product in order to promot e health among the consumers. Thirdly, the environment is a sensitive ethical issue in the food

Air Pollution Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Air Pollution - Essay Example This is to the extent its obliteration could extend to affecting our lives in return though in diverse ways including causing cancer. The topic highlights how depositing of varied contaminants in the atmosphere ends up altering the state of air, hence affecting humanity in diverse ways. Depositing in this case not only is it possible through human activities but also natural means like vulcanicity, which based on studies so far conducted these eruptions comprise of HFCs as well as other significant Cl2 quantities. Besides other contaminants, these two agents there severity is worse because they take long before they attain their respective inactivity stages. To date, diverse environmental scholars including scientists through their studies have relayed how varied contaminants by have increasingly yielded to current extent of air pollution. Hence, contributing to worsening of climate change evident in the way varied current incidents are unexpectedly occurring. For instance, rising of sea levels, increased temperatures as well as augmenting prevalence of skin cancer as a result of ozone layer depletion. Recent studies contend early deaths currently experienced globally that approximate to 600,000 their core causes are linked to air pollution (Copenhagen and Haifa, 2015). Hence, prompting states especially in Europe incur economic cost of about $1.6 trillion while trying to manage air pollution related maladies as well as other varied health predicaments (Copenhagen and Haifa, 2015). This is despite states and respective global authorities pushing for the implementation of effective policies known to reduce this kind of pollution. One of this policy of summit whose core intention was to reduce depositing of contaminants in the atmosphere was the today’s famed Kyoto protocol, which some of the super powers declined to append their signatures. Hence, leading to the current increasing rate of air pollution due to competition especially

Organization Design And Technology Of Sony Corporation Essay Example for Free

Organization Design And Technology Of Sony Corporation Essay Due to the fast-paced growth of Sony Corporation in the international market, it gave way for the misalignment of its market and internal expansion leading to the deterioration of its rate of technological development or the quality of its product lines, and the decline of the efficiency of its workforce as the number of responsibilities and tasks suddenly increased triggered by the market expansion of the said company. With the aid of ICT Supplier Self-Assessment Questionnaire and balance scorecard, Sony Corporation has been able to improve the quality of its product and workforce efficiency. By expanding the workforce of Sony, it can solve the deterioration of its rate of technological advancement and inefficiency on workforce on a long term basis. Between adding new position to the organization structure of Sony and hiring more workers to expand the workforce of the said company, adding new position to Sony Corporation is the one that fits to solve the above mentioned problems of Sony considering the cost of its implementation and effectiveness. Introduction With the growing competition in the international market, it is a must for Sony Corporation to secure competitive advantage in terms of internal stability and technological development. Most consumers nowadays provides more premium on the most advanced products in the market, and this is the primary reason why Sony Corporation allot significant amount of resources to research and development to maintain the pace of their technological development. Furthermore, Sony has designed its organization structure in such a way that it could easily respond to various new market challenges. But the forces of market competition and globalization blocks the technological advantages of Sony as well as destabilized the internal stability through attacking their organization design as various departments and key person of the said company shoulders broader responsibilities as the company continues to expand in the international market. Sony’s competitors, Panasonic, Toshiba, Apple, Microsoft, and Dell are just few of the many electronics companies also operating in the international market with fast-paced technological development (Isuppli. om 2006: 1). Due to this scenario, Sony’s products appears to be less technologically advanced compared to its competitors leading to a sudden down turn on their sales and profit internationally as their customers shift to their competitors (Eetimes. com 2008: 1). Furthermore, during the peak of Sony’s international operation, various departments and top level managers was bombarded with more tasks and responsibilities in order to support their market expansion which presently lead to the deterioration of their performances. Distribution of task and responsibilities is weak and most of the organization design of Sony is already obsolete considering the present condition of competition and globalization in the international market. In this regard, this paper aims to discuss how the forces of competition and globalization weaken the organization design and technological advantage of Sony as well as the potential alternatives that Sony must undertake in order to solve the said weaknesses. At the end of this paper, expect for a recommendation that would best solve the problems of Sony concerning its organization design and technology. Classification of Organization Structure Sony Corporation has been using divisional type of organizational design as illustrated by their organizational chart, see appendix (. During the early years of Sony’s operation in the market, the divisional type of organization design enables them to easily implement strategies and decisions to problems that need immediate solution. Since Sony was only on its development stage, they were able to fully utilize the optimal gains that can be derived from using divisional organization structure. The fast relay of information, decision making and implementation of strategies through the use of divisional organization design provided Sony with tremendous amount of gains in the international market as they start successfully penetrating their target market and out-performed their competitors in the market, making them one of the successful multinational companies around the globe (Goliath. ecnext. com 2007: 1). Furthermore, the divisional organization design enables Sony to specialize its â€Å"groups† since thereby improving the quality of their products in the market (Market Wire 2005: 1). Like for instance, the Sony Ericson Mobile Communications Group concentrate only to develop and produce mobile communication products in the market. The head of Ericson Mobile Communications Group is directly below the CEO of Sony, and so with their other groups (Sony. net 2008: 1). The direct relationship between the head of Sony’s groups and its CEO provides ease on decision making and distribution of information as well as strategies on brand development. But this organizational structure starts to provide instabilities to Sony Corporation as it continues to grow as electronics industry superpower in the international market. As the company grew in the international market, responsibilities of each head of various groups also increased up to the point wherein they start performing inefficiently as their time being spent on every vital aspect of their operation become lesser and lesser. In this regard, the present status of divisional organization design to Sony becomes ineffective and only provides instabilities as the executives of the company starts to perform inefficiently on their respective fields. But divisional organization design fits Sony than any other organization structure available in the business management realm. Since Sony have a diversity of products in the market, and each group specializes into the production of their own product lines, then, divisional structure already fits Sony. The only problem lies on the fact that every executive of Sony starts gaining more responsibilities in his/her assigned group. In other words, the international expansion of Sony in the recent years was not accompanied by expansion of internal responsibilities of various executives of the said company, thereby leading to a down turn on their overall performance. In order for Sony to restore the stability of its internal affairs, it does not have to change its organization design; rather, Sony management can make improvements on their divisional structure by adding new positions or by appointing executive assistants to key positions on various groups of the said company. This strategy will provide enough room for the key personnel of Sony to manage their responsibilities well and delegate those less priority tasks to their assistance or new positions in the group. In other words, this strategy will give way for the internal expansion of Sony while maintaining their original organization design that was already proven to be effective and fit to the business structure of Sony Corporation. Choosing organization structure other than divisional design would provide great risk since Sony operates on various groups with different product lines to produce into the market. Furthermore, each group has less influence on one another and almost operates independently from other group while their headquarters and CEO serves as the link between them. In this regard, it is vital for Sony Corporation to implement the said internal expansion of their groups in order for them to re-establish their competitive advantage in the international market in terms of internal stability and workforce efficiency especially during these times wherein the forces of tight market competition and globalization calls for the acquisition of more potential sources of competitive advantages to keep the pace of Sony’s growth internationally. Key Determinant and Influences on Organizational Structure One of the main strategies of Sony in expanding its share on the international market would be the diversification of its product line from electronics to B2B business solutions, which later on enables the company to tap various resources. Since each product line of Sony needs different production processes compared to others, Sony decided to use divisional organizational structure in order to easily manage the entire company without compromising the quality of their product lines. For instance, Sony Financial Holdings Group provides business solution services to the market and needs different operational processes compared to Sony Entertainment Business Group that provides television, digital cameras, and video cameras in the market. Each of these groups requires different set of operational style, set of skills and equipments, and set of strategies, thereby providing enough room to these groups to operate independently from one another would enhance their productivity and efficiency as they specialize into their production process. This is the main reason why Sony chose to use divisional organization design in order to provide enough room for each product line to be developed separately by workers specialized on producing it from other product line. In this regard, the strategy of Sony to diversify its product line gave way for the use of divisional organization structure. Furthermore, another factor that serves to be the key determinant of Sony Corporation’s organization structure would be its growth rate. Sony Corporation has roughly 4 percent sales growth rate internationally as of this month which is relatively higher compared to its rival companies like Panasonic with -2. 78 percent sales growth rate (Reuters. com 2008: 1). During the initial stage of Sony’s growth in the international market, as their product become more diverse leading to a fast-paced growth, Sony chose to use divisional organization structure to allow the company to cope up with the said growth rate since divisional organization structure provides enough room for Sony to further develop their diverse product line through specialization. At present, the root of organization stability of Sony roots on the fact that they were not able to accompanied their market growth and expansion with internal expansion causing for the divisional organization structure to work inefficiently. Once the internal growth rate of Sony already aligned itself to its market growth, then, that is the only time wherein Sony can fully utilize the potential gains of using divisional organization structure. In this regard, it is therefore vital for Sony to keep track its market growth and internal growth if whether these two still align each other since these affects the performance of their organization structure. The strategy and growth of Sony is interrelated to one another and this is the main reason why these two factors greatly affect its organization structure. The strategy of Sony to diversify its product line provided them with enough opportunity to increase their market share in the international market. The said product line expansion and increase of market share enable Sony to easily penetrate its target market and outperformed its competitors. Furthermore, as Sony continues to successfully penetrate its target market and outperformed its competitors, it starts to gain impressive growth in the market due to higher sales and profit. But the said market growth of Sony was not accompanied by internal expansion which presently leads to tremendous losses as key personnel of its groups starts performing inefficiently and ineffectiveness of their organization structure. Furthermore, as these key personnel of Sony perform inefficiently, the research and development of their products starts to drop, giving enough room for its competitors to step up in the electronics and business solutions industry and provide financial losses to the company (Forbes. com 2008: 1). Therefore, at this point in time, it is vital for Sony to address these instabilities on its workforce in order to restore their competitiveness in the international market with respect to their market strategies and technological advancement. Organizational Effectiveness One way in which Sony Corporation evaluates performance would be through the use of Information and Communications Technology Supplier Self-Assessment Questionnaire which aims to determine if whether their suppliers uphold the Electronic Industry Code of Conduct. Since suppliers have a direct impact on the overall performance of Sony in terms of product quality, along with other electronics companies around the globe such as HP, IBM, and Microsoft, Sony Corporation created the Electronic Industry Code of Conduct which encompasses the ICT Supplier Self-Assessment Questionnaire. Through the ICT Supplier Self-Assessment Questionnaire, Sony can monitor the product quality of their suppliers. By securing the performance of their suppliers, Sony Corporation has been able to maintain its integrity of producing high quality products in the market. There were cases wherein Sony Corporation was sued for releasing substandard products in the market. Like what happened recently when a couple sued Sony when the battery of a Sony laptop exploded causing injuries to the complainants. Due to this, Sony had to pull out all of the batteries that were being suspected as substandard and replaced with a new one in order to prevent having more accidents. In this regard, through the ICT Supplier Self Assessment Questionnaire, Sony Corporation can stop the above mentioned accident caused to substandard products that they release in the market which mostly came from their suppliers. Dell, the maker of the said substandard battery of Sony laptop, is now making collaboration with Sony in pulling out those substandard laptop batteries in the market. Another way by which Sony evaluates their performance is through the use of balance scorecard. Balance score card help every organization in the market to determine if whether their smaller scale operational activities are still aligned with their larger scale activities. As for the case of Sony Corporation, it uses balance scorecard in determining the alignment operational processes of its groups, e. g. Sony Ericson Mobile Communications, Game Business Group, Entertainment Business Group, and Sony Financial Holdings Group, to the vision and strategy of the entire organization. For instance, the balance scorecard is being used by Sony Corporation in determining if whether the processes used in producing Sony Ericsson in the market are still aligned with the Corporate Social Responsibility of the entire company. Through this, Sony Corporation can keep their various groups intact to the vision and strategies of their â€Å"parent† company – Sony Corporation. Just recently, Sony Ericsson phone was awarded as the most â€Å"Eco-Friendly† phone in the market and the said award is being attributed to the continues success of Sony Corporation to uphold its Corporate Social Responsibility on minimizing the wastes being emitted in producing the said product (Sayer 2008: 1). Considering the said success of Sony Ericsson phone in the market, there is a great possibility that it can earn positive balance scorecard by upholding the CSR of Sony Corporation, which can eventually serve as the basis for further development of Sony Ericsson phone in the market (Ericsson. co. jp 2005: 9). Therefore, balance scorecard provides enough room for Sony Corporation to determine the alignment of their product lines to their vision and strategy especially when it concerns the integrity of their brand name. At this point, the performance evaluation tools of Sony Corporation, ICT Supplier Self Assessment Questionnaire and Balance Scorecard, has been able to solve its problem regarding maintaining the quality of their products in the market by securing the compliance of their suppliers and aligning the production processes of their product lines into their Corporate Social Responsibilities. Therefore, ICT Supplier Self Assessment Questionnaire and Balance Scorecard fit to the vision and strategies of Sony Corporation based from their successful solution regarding the low quality level of Sony’s products in the market. This issue on quality level and on how the above identified evaluation tools of Sony Corporation solved it will be thoroughly discussed in the next part of the paper. Critical Analysis of Current Problems Actually, the main problem of Sony Corporation would be the misalignment of its market and internal expansion that eventually lead to various â€Å"branch-problems† like low performance rate from the workforce of the company as well as the deterioration of the quality level of their product lines in the market. The fast-paced growth of Sony in the past years, while leaving their internal condition to remain untouched, provided inefficiencies on the part of their workforce as the responsibility of one another can no longer be performed as efficient as before, and low product quality as the said inefficiencies on their workforce started to reflect on the quality level of their product lines. This is the main reason why Sony Corporation suffers from return on investment and profit on its operation as their customers shift to the side of their competitors since the latter already have relatively technologically advanced product lines in the market compared to Sony Corporation. In order to provide a long term solution to this problem of Sony Corporation, it is a must for the management of the said company to expand their workforce either by adding new positions to reinforce the key positions in the company or hire more workers to delegate the tasks optimally among their workforce. But at present, Sony Corporation is applying short term solutions to these problems through the use of evaluation tools as discussed on the previous part of this paper. First, the ICT Supplier Self Assessment Questionnaire provided solution on securing the quality of their supplier’s products which later on be used on the production process of Sony. With the ICT Supplier Self Assessment Questionnaire, Sony can monitor if whether the supplies of their suppliers are substandard or complies with the Electronic Industry Code of Conduct which sets up the standards for electronic products in the market (Greenwald 2005: 2). Sony Corporation can now minimize the incidence of product malfunction or substandard components of their product lines just like what happened to the batteries of Sony’s laptop that exploded due to overheating. ICT Supplier Self Assessment Questionnaire will improve the quality of Sony’s product line even up to a small degree since it only solves their problem on the side of their supplier and not the root of the problem which still lies on the internal stability of their workforce. With the rise of ICT Supplier Self Assessment Questionnaire and Electronic Industry Code of Conduct, cases of substandard electronic products in the market will be minimized leading for Sony to improve the quality level of its products (United Nations Environment Program 2005: 1). In this regard, through the use of ICT Supplier Self Assessment Questionnaire, Sony Corporation manages to improve the quality of their product lines even up to a small degree. On the other hand, the balance scorecard of Sony Corporation provides enough room for the said company to improve the quality of their workforce’s performance since the company can determine if whether a group or department already performs outside the boundaries of their vision and corporate strategies. There are times wherein the misalignment of Sony Corporation’s products to their vision and corporate strategies roots on the inefficient performance of workforce of a given department or group, and balance scorecard can determine if whether a given group of Sony Corporation performs inefficiently based from the evaluation of the products being produced by that given group. Through this, Sony Corporation can easily determine which group among its companies needs to undergo workforce expansion to solve the said inefficiency of their workers. In this regard, the balance scorecard provides two services to Sony Corporation, evaluation of their product’s performance in the market and its alignment to the vision and corporate strategies of the company, and on which group of the company needs workforce expansion in order to improve the quality of their product lines just like what happened to Sony Ericsson phone in the market (Esato. com 2007: 1). Solutions In order for Sony Corporation to have long term solution to their problem regarding the misalignment of their market and internal expansion as the consequence of their fast-paced growth, it is advisable for them to expand their workforce either by adding new positions into their organization structure to optimally delegate the tasks among the workers of the company; or, the management could hire more workers that will handle the additional responsibilities provided by the market expansion of the company. Furthermore, through adding new position to the organization structure to various business groups of Sony Corporation, e. g. executive assistants will give their key executives to delegate some of the less important tasks and responsibilities to their assistants so they can concentrate to more responsibilities. The divisional organization structure of Sony Corporation will still be used in the organization design of Sony under the said strategy considering that it is the only organization design that fits to the business nature of Sony Corporation as discussed on the previous part of this paper. On the other hand, with regards to hiring more workers that will be responsible on shouldering the additional tasks provided by the market expansion of Sony Corporation, this will provide Sony with enough room to improve the efficiency of their workforce as every person on their workforce can now perform their responsibilities to their optimal level since tasks are now well distributed on their workforce. At the end of the day, these strategies will improve the quality of Sony’s workforce and so with the quality of their products. The only problem with hiring of additional workers would be the fact that it is costly to hire more workers for the company considering that Sony is presently suffering from low profitability in the market compared to adding new position to the organization structure of Sony Corporation. Recommendation Both of the above mentioned strategies provides same improvement on lifting the efficiency of Sony Corporation’s workforce and boosting its product quality level, but in terms of costs on the part of the company, adding new positions to the organization structure of Sony is relatively cheaper than hiring more workers. In this regard, alongside with the performance evaluation tools of Sony Corporation, it is a must for their management to add new positions into the divisional organization structure of the company to provide long term solution on their low quality product in terms of technology and improving the efficiency of their workforce considering the extent of their market expansion in the global market. Conclusion With the misalignment of market and internal expansion of Sony Corporation due to its fast-paced growth in the international market, it provided various problems into the said company. Technological advancement of Sony’s products drops while the efficiency of its workforce decline due to the significant increase on tasks and responsibilities on the workplace caused by the fast-paced growth of Sony in the recent years. Through adding new positions on the organization structure of Sony, it can already improve the efficiency of its workforce and so with the rate of its product line’s technological advancement in the market.

Employee right case study bea Essay Example for Free

Employee right case study bea Essay The Pledge of Loyalty is part of the baptismal of fire when you enter an organization. When you become part of a group, you are obliged to follow the pledge or if you cannot, just leave. And this will play a crucial role in the discussion of this case study. On the first question of Allen Lopez retaining his job, while the First Amendment states that Lopez’ airing of grievance is protected under the Freedom of Expression, he is, however, in conflict with the crime of defamation and for not observing employment restrictions and loyalty oaths. So while he is allowed to use whatever medium to state his feelings and ideas, the law allows his company to fire him for he endangers the security of his company’s workforce. On the second question on whether Lopez be forced to remove his website, the company may do one of two things. First, the company may petition for Temporary Restraining Order that will be issued by the court which will then order Lopez to freeze the website or to bring it down temporarily before the court decides on whether putting up the website did violate company laws as stated in the loyalty pledge. Second is to sue Lopez for damages and include in their motion that he bring down the website to curb further attacks on the company’s image. Lastly, on how ExtremeNets executives will respect Lopezs rights and dignity, it is best for ExtremeNet to simply ask the court to bring the website down especially if it did not pose any significant negative effects in the dealings of the company. Allen Lopez has been a good employee and was only fighting for the welfare of the lower ranking employees. But still, it is in the discretion of ExtremeNet to either fire or retain Allen Lopez in the company. FindLaw. First Amendment – Freedom of Expression. accessible at http://caselaw.lp.findlaw.com/data/constitution/amendment01/ eLaws. Employment Law Guide. accessible at http://www.dol.gov/compliance/guide/

Logical and physical network design

Logical and physical network design Introduction In the world today, information communication and technology has become one of the most relied upon pillars for economic development. It is through technology that the entire universe has been reduced to a small village whereby persons far away from each other can interact freely on real-time basis. Hence, every business enterprise and institution for instance is gearing towards modernizing its operations through Information technology. As a result, one of the most vital resources to ensure Information technology revolution is and has been using computers. They have replaced and /or improved the working environment through recording, processing, and analyzing data by utilizing application software. It is that this point that the pre-requisite IT infrastructure comes in handy. Thus, internet facility is required to interlink various departments within an organization so as to improve efficiency. However, to put in place the network infrastructure, a number of requirements and constraints have to be considered and includes the type of organization, desired network -its cost and reliance, and financial costs among others. The networking topology consists of two parts; physical and logical design networks, which are utilized further in various forms; bus, mesh, star, and ring network topologies (Raza, 2002). Each one of these has got its pros and cons. Hence, it is imperative while embarking on a mission to set up a network infrastructure, research extensively in order to determine the most feasible type. This has been covered to detail in the literature ahead to distinguish logical and physical design networks as well as related terminologies through a library based research. Literature Review Topology The network topology refers to the layout of a network installation (David, Skandier, 2005). The layout consists of two parts. First one is the physical network design which refers to the actual arrangement of all the devices that that are connected to the particular network. This is inclusive of the network location and cables installed. Second is the logical network design which refers to the way in which the network appears in the devices within the network or how data is transmitted within the network (Siamwalla, Sharma, Keshav, 2000). These two types of layouts are consists of four different kinds of network topologies in network infrastructure is set up. These include, the bus, mesh, ring, and star topologies (Raza, 2002). Types of network topologies A mesh topology represents a Wide Area Network whereby there are quite a number of paths interconnecting various sites. In this topology, a router is used in identifying and determining which path is best for data transmission. For a simple network, for instance two to three sites, it is convenient to create but for quite a number of sites it becomes expensive. Reason being that every network site and subsequent additions of devices needs an independent cable connection. Besides, the amount of work involved while configuring network is cumbersome (Programming Languages: Logical and Physical Network Design, 2004); However, the biggest advantage with mesh network is that, in case one of the connections fails, it does not interfere with the rest. Mesh topology represents a physical design layout. The bus topology in most cases is either a physical and/or logical design network. It generally utilizes Ethernet cables to connect and it is considered the simplest among the others. A backbone -common cable- is connects all the devices in a given network and any other device that is being added is connected to the same cable. It is therefore economical to implement as only one cable is used. The backbone connection transmits data through only this particular cable and interruption leads to disconnection of the whole network. The ring topology is a physical design layout whereby each device in the network is connected to its two other neighboring devices. However, in case a new device is being added, the whole connection is disrupted and this involves a lot of work to configure the whole system. Nevertheless such conflicts in transmitting the data can be mitigated by applying token ring technology but this m, method is rarely used in setting up a network (Designing a Network Topology, 2004). The star topology is usually either a physical and/or logical design layout whereby network devices have got one central location referred to as a hub or switch. This topology is the most advantageous because if one of the devices fails, the others are not affected. Configuring the network is simple as any one cable can easily be connected to the hub or switch. It is usually applied in Ethernet networks. Furthermore, all of these network topologies can be used in one single network to form a hybrid network topology (Thomas, 2008). Differences between logical and physical network designs Physical design layout outlines the pieces of the logical design network which are in a given network architecture. Besides, it refers to the arrangement of computers and other physical components. Its components include Fiber, ISDN and Ethernet (Johnson, 2002). The logical design network assumes a particular piece of a conceptual design in a network and assigns it a logical role in a within that framework. Its components consist of IP structures of the network such as Class A, B, or C address scheme (Johnson, 2002). Factors to consider when designing a network For a good network design the strategy and planning components are very vital. The overall project needs to be implemented in an orderly manner in order to achieve the goals set. Policies should be put in place when designing a network (Network Diagrams, 2010). They stipulate to detail how the network resources are to be used by the users concerned. Another scenario that policies become a necessity is at a point when network security becomes paramount -for instance firewall technology (Designing a Network Topology, 2004). Technical users responsible for managing the network require adequate training on tasks to be undertaken in the network management. When designing the network, the cost of the budget should be a pre-requisite consideration as well as the benefits to be realized. Feasibility study should be carried on both costs and benefits (Network management reference architecture, 2010). To design a logical network, there are two options; one can either design/install a new network from the scratch or upgrade an already existing logical network. However, a number of factors are supposed to be considered before commencing the design work: What services will you be providing to the clients/users? What possible network traffic patterns that crop up as a result from your particular plan? What are the expected bottle necks and how to avoid? Another important consideration is to determine whether your internet connection is going to be for internal network users only or if outside users domain will be given access to the network resources (Network Tutorials, 2010). In addition, scalability and extensibility of the network design are crucial considerations. Hence factors such as: Economic constraints -in most cases one has to compromise the capability of Wide Area Network links, the switching routers capabilities, the kind of interfaces used, and at some instances the of redundancy achieved; Labor-in either of the network design, the degree of effort and the level of knowledge required to admit a new client to the new network and/or expand the capacity of the network infrastructure are of great concern (Craft, 2006); The processor speed -increases on regular basis and therefore makes the internet traffic levels to rapidly increase. Computational limitations that most often engulf any particular network design are correlated to processing of route updates, security filtering, encryption, translation of address and packet forwarding; Space consists of the value of air-conditioned points of references (POPs) an/or the collocation facilities (Scots Ogletree, 2003); Time-to-market is another issue to be considered as while designing a network, clients might be have looked for alternatives by the time it becomes operational (Mueller Ogletree, 2003). Conclusion Designing a network calls for meeting the necessary requirements and constraints and putting into consideration other external factors for instance, cost of setting up the network, scalability and extensibility, and the future prospects of the particular network design. Nevertheless, the choice of the network design depends on its reliability and the resources are available for its adoption. REFERENCES: Craft, M. (2006). How to Cheat at Designing a Windows Server 2003 Active Directory Infrastructure. Syngress. David, G., Skandier, T. (2005). Network+ study guide, fourth edition. Sybex, Inc. Designing a Network Topology. (2004) .Cisco Press Priscilla Oppenheimer. Retrieved February 15, 2010, from www.topdownbook.com/chapters/Chapter05.ppt Network Tutorials. (2010). Retrieved February 14, 2010, from Network management reference architecture. Retrieved February 14, 2010, from http://www.cisco.biz/en/US/technologies/collateral/tk869/tk769/white_paper_c11-453503.html Mueller, S., Ogletree, T. (2003). Network design strategies; Planning and design components. Upgrading and repairing networks. (4th ed.) .Que. Retrieved February 14, 2010, from Megaessays: Network topology. Retrieved February 14, 2010, from, Network Diagrams. Retrieved February 14, 2010, from, Johnson, J. (2002). Ask the Networking Expert: Questions Answers. Retrieved Feb 14, 2010, Fromhttp://searchnetworking.techtarget.com/expert/KnowledgebaseAnswer/0,289625,sid7_gci846980, 00.html Network Topologies, Retrieved February 15, 2010, from Programming Languages: Logical and Physical Network Design. (2004). Retrieved February 15, 2010, from http://www.cheathouse.com/essay/essay_view.php?p_essay_id=47389 Raza, K. (2002). Cisco Network Topology and Design. Cisco Press. Retrieved February 15, 2010, from http://www.ciscopress.com/articles/article.asp?p=25188 Siamwalla, R., Sharma , R., S. Keshav (2000). Discovering Internet Topology. Cornell Network Research Group Department of Computer Science Cornell University. NY:Ithaca. Scott, M., Ogletree, W. T. (2003). Upgrading and repairing networks. (4th ed.).Que. Part of the upgrading and repairing series. Thomas, S. (2008).Network design checklist: Six factors to consider when designing LANs. Retrieved February 14, 2010 from http://searchnetworkingchannel.techtarget.com/generic/0,295582,sid100_gci1317697,00.

Death and Rebirth: Examinig Death Through Poetry Essay -- essays resea

Death and Rebirth: Examining Death Through Poetry   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚     Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Death is one of the only true constants in the universe and is the only guarantee in life. Everyone knows of death and everyone will experience it, but to the living death is still one of life's greatest mysteries. In some cultures death is celebrated and embraced, while in others it is feared. However it is perceived, death holds different meanings for different people. Through the art of poetry a writer can give a reader many different outlooks and maybe a better understanding of life and death.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Death is certain. We cannot escape it, but just because it is inevitable should we just give in to its dark embrace or should we fight against it? In the poem The Black Snake, the speaker uses vivid images to explain what happened and to express his or her feelings about the situation. In the beginning of the poem a black snake darts onto a busy road and is then hit by a truck. Later a motorist finds the dead snake and buries it in the woods. After burying the snake the motorist continues on his or her drive and reflects on what has transpired. In the first couple of lines †When the black snake flashed onto the morning road, and the truck could not swerve-death, that is how it happens.†(687), and from lines 13 to 15 â€Å"I leave him under the leaves and drive on, thinking about death: its suddenness, its terrible weight, its certain coming.†(687)...

Dead Asleep :: Essays Papers

Dead Asleep I am walking through a damp forest that only allows light through the breakage in the vast tree limbs. It is rather hard for me to find a path to follow when there is such little light but I am compelled to go in this certain direction. I am not scared, however, I am being very cautious of my surroundings. I think of leaving the window cracked, but I know this section of the brain is still in reality because I am walking right now and there is no window to be seen. It seems like I have been walking for miles when I here a slight crackle in the brush behind me. This is not a heavy crackle; it is like the sound of a toddler wearing feeted pajamas tip-toeing through a flower garden. I swing around to see what is there, but all that I can see is blank space: no forest anymore, just a blank reel of film that is still playing in the projector of my mind. I hastily turn back toward the direction I was compelled to go in before but it is also blank space now. I hear the cushiony crac kling noise again and wonder how blank space can crackle. A droplet of sweat trickles down my left cheek and my heart rate is starting to quicken so I know I am getting nervous. I feel the need to take a deep breath and close my eyes to try and relax myself. I kept my eyes closed for probably about a minute waiting to hear the noise again. Not hearing anything, I opened my eyes with a little difficulty. Expecting to see blankness again, my eyes were forced closed again when I saw all the bright colors. It seems as though a rainbow has thrown-up on my blank canvas of a dream. When my eyes finally adjusted to the brightness, the colors were swaying and swirling very rapidly, yet also in rhythm to the song â€Å"The Wheel†. I spin around and around in circles trying to assess my newfound surroundings and begin to realize the bright swirling colors are forming figures. Each color: red, blue, yellow, green, and orange turn into fuzzy bears with bib-like things around their necks. The green bear approaches me as if he had something important to tell me; he began to talk, but his mouth only moves- there is no sound.

A New Nation of Individuals :: Literature Papers

A New Nation of Individuals Abstract As John Savage articulates, â€Å"Nothing costs enough here,† in Huxley’s Brave New World (1932) of bottled automata, where maelstroms of soma-ingesting, Malthusian orgies casually toss human life about (239). Nothing is dear when the freedom to choose disappears because individuals â€Å"don’t know what it’s like being anything else† (74). Removing choice is simply a method of brainwashing that only subdues human nature for the short-run. Consider Sigmund Freud's views of private property: In abolishing private property we deprive the human love of aggression, certainly a strong one, though certainly not the strongest; but we have in no way altered the differences in power and influence which are misused by aggressiveness, nor have we altered anything in its nature. Aggressiveness was not created by property. (Kumar 384) Aggressiveness, too, was not created by choice. This essay proposes a utopia based on individual freedom, derived from a laissez-faire economy and semi-socialist meritocracy. A New Nation of Individuals First existed the individual; then a group of individuals established government via a social contract. Thus, as Percy Bysshe Shelley writes, "(g)overnment has no rights; it is a delegation from several individuals for the purpose of securing their own. It is therefore just, only so far as it exists by their consent, useful only so far as it operates to their well-being" (qtd. in Chianese 282). Such basic democracy founded the United States of America—yet modern democracy has gone terribly awry, and power now lies in the hands of few rather than many. Ideally, "(t)he highest purpose of Nature, which is the development of all the capacities which can be achieved by mankind, is attainable only in society, and more specifically in the society with the greatest freedom," and the greatest freedom can only be obtained, as Thoreau believed, through a government that governs least (202). In order for the individual to maintain full rights and a completely separate, private sphere of self, government must be just large enough to protect man's unalienable rights, Thomas Jefferson's "life, liberty and pursuit of happiness," but not overstep its boundaries onto the slippery slope of tyranny or oppression. A utopian society should thus stem from a meritocracy that allows for maximum individuality and freedom of choice while protecting man from one another, specifically through universal education and healthcare, and a laissez-faire economy founded on a flat-rate sales tax. A New Nation of Individuals :: Literature Papers A New Nation of Individuals Abstract As John Savage articulates, â€Å"Nothing costs enough here,† in Huxley’s Brave New World (1932) of bottled automata, where maelstroms of soma-ingesting, Malthusian orgies casually toss human life about (239). Nothing is dear when the freedom to choose disappears because individuals â€Å"don’t know what it’s like being anything else† (74). Removing choice is simply a method of brainwashing that only subdues human nature for the short-run. Consider Sigmund Freud's views of private property: In abolishing private property we deprive the human love of aggression, certainly a strong one, though certainly not the strongest; but we have in no way altered the differences in power and influence which are misused by aggressiveness, nor have we altered anything in its nature. Aggressiveness was not created by property. (Kumar 384) Aggressiveness, too, was not created by choice. This essay proposes a utopia based on individual freedom, derived from a laissez-faire economy and semi-socialist meritocracy. A New Nation of Individuals First existed the individual; then a group of individuals established government via a social contract. Thus, as Percy Bysshe Shelley writes, "(g)overnment has no rights; it is a delegation from several individuals for the purpose of securing their own. It is therefore just, only so far as it exists by their consent, useful only so far as it operates to their well-being" (qtd. in Chianese 282). Such basic democracy founded the United States of America—yet modern democracy has gone terribly awry, and power now lies in the hands of few rather than many. Ideally, "(t)he highest purpose of Nature, which is the development of all the capacities which can be achieved by mankind, is attainable only in society, and more specifically in the society with the greatest freedom," and the greatest freedom can only be obtained, as Thoreau believed, through a government that governs least (202). In order for the individual to maintain full rights and a completely separate, private sphere of self, government must be just large enough to protect man's unalienable rights, Thomas Jefferson's "life, liberty and pursuit of happiness," but not overstep its boundaries onto the slippery slope of tyranny or oppression. A utopian society should thus stem from a meritocracy that allows for maximum individuality and freedom of choice while protecting man from one another, specifically through universal education and healthcare, and a laissez-faire economy founded on a flat-rate sales tax.

Bullying and Its Effects on Individual’s Education

The purpose of the research in this work is to answer the question, â€Å"Does bullying effect an individual's education? First bullying will be defined in the perimeter of the educational environment. The author of this work takes the stance that bullying does most positively affect an individual in terms of their quality of education and in fact does continue to affect the individual who receives and even the one who perpetrates the bullying behavior. Inclusive in the research will be the stated ‘signs' of bullying behavior taking place, preventative measures that are stated to be effective, types of bullying behavior, and common myths surrounding those who are bullies. Some important facts about violence in schools are stated to be that first, that 1/3 of all injury death that occurs in the United States are due to intentional school violence. Interestingly, as violence has risen quite sharply in society it has also rise in schools and in areas surrounding and related to school. During the school years from September 1992 through May 2000 the National School Safety Center in their Report on School Associated Violence† (Education World, nd) Unhealthy relationships in the family and school personnel's' exposure to ‘violent television, films as well as games containing some of the elements that seem to contribute to violence in-school behavior. Bullying can take place both directly and indirectly. Bullying is defined as the repeated exposure to negative actions on the part of a student or even on the part of a group of students toward another individual. Stated as being inclusive in this behavior are the factors of aggressive behavior, intentional harm doing, it is done on a repetitious basis and occurs in a relationship on an interpersonal level â€Å"characterized by an imbalance of power.† (Colorado.edu Website, nd) The definition proposed by Tattum and Tattum (1992) states that â€Å"Bullying is the willful, conscious desire to hurt another and put him/her under stress? Therefore, the individual that desires to hurt another individual is a bully. But, those who are not in actuality bullies are those that think better of committing such actions. Bullying may be physical or it may occur on a psychological level. It is suggested by Olweus that an â€Å"imbalance of power† exists when bullying occurs and in fact contributes to the occurrence. As stated bullying behavior may be ‘direct' bullying or ‘indirect' bullying. Direct bullying is an open attack on the individual. Inclusive are physical attacks such as hitting, kicking, pushing, and choking. Attacking someone verbally or through harassment such as calling of names, threatening behavior, taunting behavior, teasing in a cruel and malicious manner, spreading rumors and slandering are all inclusive. Indirect bullying is often difficult to detect much more so than direct bullying. Indirect bullying is characterized by social isolation and social exclusion on an intentional basis, making faces and obscene gestures as well as manipulation of friendships and relationships. III. Common Myths Surrounding Bullying Myth 1: Insecurity and low self-esteem is suffered by bullies and they in turn pick on others towards the end of making themselves feel more secure. Fact: Self-esteem among bullies are average to above-average however they do have temperaments that are aggressive as well as a ‘lack of empathy and poor parenting.' (Starr, 2000) Myth 2: Bullies are looking for attention however; ignoring the bully will stop the behavior. Fact: control is what the bully seeks and they tend to cease their bullying when ignored however if adults do not address the issue of bullying the bully generally is propelled toward another level of bullying. Myth 3: Boys will act like boys. However bullies general remain bullies and eventually get involved in a life of crime. Fact: Of all those finishing middle school that are bullies sixty percent will have committed at least one crime by the age of 24. Fact: Outgrowing bullying does not actually occur but it is redirected by the individual doing the bullying. 60 percent of bullies will have committed a crime by the age of 24. Myth 5: Standing up for themselves is something that needs to be learned by victims of bullies. Fact: Bullies generally pick those who are younger or weaker to bully and those who don't have the skills on a social level for the development of friendships that are important and are unable to effectively deal with social situations on their own. Fact: Victims are generally chosen to be bullied due to their being â€Å"sensitive, anxious, and not likely or unable to retaliate, not due to differences on a physical level. (Starr, 2000) Myth 6: The environment in large classrooms and large schools are conducive to bullying. Fact: There has been no established link between the size of the educational facility and instances of bullying. In fact there is some research that contains findings that there is less and not more bullying in larger schools. Myth 7: The largest part of bullying occurs somewhere other than school grounds. Fact: Most bullying occurs on school grounds. Myth 8: Only a small number of students are affected by bullying. Fact: In the U.S. 25% of students are victims of bullying and 20% are bullies. It has been estimated by the National Association of School Psychologists that 160,000 children don't attend school each and every day to avoid being bullied. Myth 9: If bullying is a problem in the classroom the teacher is aware of it. Fact: Reports by the victims of bullying instances are done only reluctantly out of fear of being retaliated against, due to embarrassment and because most bullies tend to justify their behavior. Myth 10: Sticks and stones will break your bones but names will never hurt you is an adage that should be followed by victims of bullying. Fact: Problems that affect students for life are low self-esteem and depression as well as suicide and mental health issues. IV. Preventative Measures in Counteracting Bullying in School Four basic principles for prevention of bullying and victim problems are stated as follows: â€Å"Awareness and warm, positive involvement of adults inclusive of teachers, principals, school counselors, and parents.† (Safe Schools Fact Sheet, Colorado.edu) Set and stick to firm limits as to what behavior is unacceptable firmly stating that bullying is not allowed or acceptable in the school. Consistent application of â€Å"non-hostile, nonphysical negative consequences for rule violation and unacceptable behavior; and â€Å"Encourage adults to act as authorities and position role models in students' academic learning and social relationships in school.† (Safe Schools Fact Sheet, Colorado.edu) The Results and Outcomes of Bullying Behavior and Victims It is clearly without question that the victims of bullies have lifelong problems and issues that result from being bullied. Stated long-term effects on victims are that depression exists as well as low self-esteem. Clinical implications are stated to be a â€Å"risk factor for poor psychological health† (Rigby, 2003). The risk is stated to be greater if the â€Å"bullying is severe and prolonged and if the victim lacks adequate social support.† (Rigby, 2003) Further stated by Rigby (2003) is that â€Å"Various strategies or treatments may be considered to reduce the changes of a child' further involvement in bullying that may worsen the condition. These include assisting victimized children to develop self-protective assertiveness skills and working therapeutically with bullying children to establish a greater awareness of the consequence of their antisocial behavior.† Other findings are that victims of bullying behavior have higher rates of absenteeism than those who do not experience bullying at school. Long-term adjustment is also affected by being bullied at school as well as the victim of bullies developing an aversion to the environment of school. (Rigby, 2003) In Factsheet Number 18 entitled, â€Å"The Emotional Cost of Bullying† it is stated that bullying can affect the physical and mental health of a child in a serious way. Children who are bullied â€Å"lack confidence, feel bad about themselves, have few friends and spend playtime alone. They may find it hard to face going to school and difficult to concentrate on their work. They may complain of various physical symptoms as a result of their upset. They may worry and try to avoid going to school. Others become very anxious, find it hard to sleep and may feel depressed, or even suicidal. These problems can carry on long after the bullying has stopped.† (Factsheet #18, Mental Health & Growing Up)A large-scale study conducted in England and Wales found that children who suffer from being bullied are more likely to wet the bed and to not sleep well along with feeling irritable, nervous, and panicky after being bullied. Recurring memories of the incidences were stated by 32% of victims in the study and 29% of the victims found concentrating hard for them to do Interestingly the bullies also have long-term effects as well. Stated is that students who bully are also likely to engage in antisocial and delinquent behaviors such as vandalism, shoplifting, drug use, and truancy. This is particularly true of boys that bully. Bullies are also more likely (4 times more likely) to be convicted of crimes by the age of 24. Finally physical bullying is considered to be a risk factor on a moderate level for serious violence acts between the ages of 15 to age 25.

Disability Discrimination Law

In the recent news about Disability Discrimination Law, a particular employee named Kevin Tobin achieved justice after almost a decade of his case (Mulvany, n. p. ). Tobin was employed at Liberty Mutual and had been good in carrying out his tasks (Mulvany, n. p. ). However, he was suffering from bipolar disorder. On Tonbin’s part, he exerted effort to compensate his lost hours of work. But then, his employer still perceived him as high maintenance (Mulvany, n. p. ). Eventually, he was fired. Just recently, the CA affirmed the reinstatement of $1. 3 million to Tobin. The article proves that discrimination in workplace still exists.This is brought by conflicting interest between the state, employee, and employer. As to the state, it enacts laws to protect the general welfare, especially the disabled persons. On one hand, the disable person exerts effort to disregard his disabilities by showing that he can be normal. On the other hand, the employer protects its interest from prof iting and having disable employees only adds them loses. In this scenario, the law tries to equalize the conflicting interests. On the part of employers, they should not forget their moral responsibility to the society.Helping the disabled person can be part of fulfilling such duty. Besides, among many disabled people, there are always special are where they are capable of doing and even surpassing the expectations of employers. Instead of discriminating, the employers should help in eradicating the gaps that continued to detach people living in one country. Giving chance to disabled people is one. The case of Tobin also proves that the Disability Discrimination Law is being upheld in the country. Furthermore, Tobin’s case brings hope to other disabled people who are still suffering discrimination due to their special qualities.

Effects of Automobiles Essay

Automobiles have become a big part of today? s society. Whether it be a car or van, the modern American citizen probably can? t go a day without using one. These machines are the main escorts for our daily travels from work to home. Most Americans depend on their vehicles to run well so that they can maintain their everyday treks of commuting back and forth. These automobiles have been the cause of an abundance of jobs throughout the United States. A great number of our citizens are employed by automobile production plants, car repair industries, and other automobile related positions. To think that cars could have been non-existent makes us wonder where thousands of our citizens would find work. We know that a big part of the United States industrial and trading world relies on the automobile and its components. Another view of our life without automobiles deals with our visual perspective. Car and truck advertisements consume a great deal of air time for television commercials. We see these luxurious machines and little by little we are tempted and pressured into investing into one of them. Numerous amounts of our modern movies also involve automobiles. For example, ? Speed? and ? Batman? both deal with automobiles of some sort. Whether it be the common city bus or the exquisite vehicle entitled the ? Batmobile? , these both influence our ideas of the automobile world. On the reverse side, though, automobiles have also been the cause of much of the world? s pollution. The carbon-monoxide released by a car? s exhaust pipe spews into our environment making our air dirty and the earth a bit closer to extinction. With all these pollutants in our air, it often makes it hard to breath and difficult to see. Many times we find a layer of dirt and grime on the back bumper of our cars and realize that about thirty times this much is tossed into the air each day by one individual vehicle. Any automobile which runs on diesel fuel releases a thick cloud of black smoke into the environment constantly. This disgusting smog stains buildings, covers trees, and hovers above many of our major city in large masses. Automobiles also contain some fluids that can be deadly to us and our wildlife. We often hear of gasoline spills by tanker trucks or by ships, both of which are meant to supply our automobiles with fuel. The gasoline encompasses huge areas of our oceans and suffocates our animals with blankets of black slime. Our own greed for bigger and better things causes many of our nation? s animals to die each year. Accidents are another default of today? s modern automobiles. Cars and trucks are the cause of the deaths of thousands of Americans annually. Almost everyday, numerous accidents can be witnessed by a single individual. Resulting from these broken parts and twisted sections of steel, are dead bodies and broken families. The yearning for speed and the desire for competition has ended the lives of many automobile owners. Young drivers often compete against each other in races and other dangerous games. Many times, these foolish schemes end in fatality. Another leading cause of death in automobiles results from alcohol abuse. This terrible mixture of drinking and driving commonly ends in death of the driver and of other innocent civilians. The automobile has been the victim of trillions of fender benders and more serious accidents. This has caused concern in the mind of society, and with it has come precautions. The cars and trucks of today have been formatted with all types of life saving gadgets to make traveling easier and less risky. These high tech automobiles of today have revolutionized our world. We have gone from a crank engine to an eight cylinder, one hundred sixty horsepower engine. We have progressed from speeds of twenty five miles an hour to speeds well over one hundred miles an hour. Roads have expanded, bridges have been widened, and new breeds of automobiles have been introduced along the way. This constant change of what appears to have a good outcome also brings along some negative aspects. These downfalls include those discussed above and many others. With every great step towards technological breakthroughs in the automobile world, new problems and hindrances arrive which are sure to lead to more fatal outcomes. Though cars have changed our lifestyle for the better, the extra impact of negative effects has hurt our society as a whole.

Morality and Law

We begin this essay with a word about freedom- it is cherished by those who possess it and yearned for by those who have yet to experience it.   Nonetheless, freedom carries with it a high level of responsibility- perhaps not only to follow the letter of the law, but also to pursue one’s freedom with some level of civility or morality.   Therein lies the paradox- where should the line, if any, be drawn between morality and law.   In this essay, several controversial topics which toe the line between legality and morality will be presented and discussed in the hopes of drawing some valid conclusions about this issue.DrugsIf it is safe to say that legally prescribed and utilized drugs are accepted by all but the most staunch of religious zealots, it is also safe to say that illegally prescribed drugs, street drugs and the abuse of any drug is considered immoral, but not by all.   In some parts of the world, certain drugs that would land someone in jail in other nations a re legally and socially accepted.  Ã‚   This fact in itself brings to light an interesting perspective on the issue of morality and law- how closely related is law and morality?In the case of drugs, the relationship seems to be somewhat disjointed in some instances, because illegal drugs are quite literally one of the largest industries in the â€Å"civilized world†.   This can be interpreted as proof that everything that is illegal is not necessarily viewed as immoral as well as a clear example of the dynamic between the expression of freedom and the violation of the rights of others, for any freedom, if it harms innocent people through its exercise, needs to be reevaluated for the common good (Peach, 2002).AlcoholWhen speaking of alcohol, the very topic is in itself enigmatic; for all intents and purposes, alcohol can be classified as a drug because of its ability to alter the senses, distort perceptions, and attract the abuser into a spiral of addiction.   However, i t is considered by the vast majority of the world to be a legal drug, which is to say that it is legal for those of established age to buy, sell, and use alcohol.When left to one’s own devices, the use, purchase or sale of alcohol can be illegal; for example, the operation of motor vehicles while under the influence of alcohol is illegal, as is the sale/purchase of it to/by underage or visibly impaired individuals. Additionally, any use of alcohol is considered morally wrong by many religious/ethical groups.   Therefore, in alcohol, we see the embodiment of the morality/legality argument- some things are legal in some cases, illegal in others, but also reviled in many circles in any circumstance (Peach, 2002).ProstitutionRegarded as the world’s oldest profession, prostitution in one form or another has existed since there has been something of value for which one human being could offer sexual favors to another.   In the 21st century, we see a world where prostitut ion is legal in some nations/parts of nations, and illegal in others.   In the nations where it is legal, it would be assumed that this is so due to the moral tolerance of the masses to allow such a practice.   In a nation like the United States, where very few states allow prostitution, a moral divide exists between advocates and opponents.   Therefore, an interesting point emerges- the possibility that in many cases, societal norms dictate the letter of the law.   When the majority opposes or supports something, or takes no action either way, laws, it can be said, reflect the will of the majority itself (Peach, 2002). Pornography Pornography is yet another illustration of the will of the people to dictate the law, but with a twist- very few people publicly support pornography as something which is good for the general society, yet it is allowed to exist as something legal in many jurisdictions as long as certain universal rules are not violated, such as the use of children in pornography, abuse of innocent victims, etc.In this instance, it is likely that the tolerance of pornography as something legal, yet immoral has as much to do with the pursuit of money on the part of those who benefit financially from pornography as it does with the prurient interests of the public at large.   People who wish to have something immoral because they like it are often times more prone to ignore the bigger picture of the detriment to society that something like pornography represents. Domestic ViolenceViolence against one’s own family members is illegal/immoral in some societies, and not in others- why is this so?   The main reason is associated with religious beliefs.   In theocratic nations, where religious leaders dictate policy and law, there are those cases where the abuse of a wife by a husband, for example, is tolerated if the husband feels it necessary, whereas the abuse of children is almost universally reviled (Peach, 2002).   An interesting point emerges in this situation- the power of morality in some cases to shape the word of law.ConclusionIn this essay, we have seen that morality and law are in some cases exclusive of each other, related in others.   Still further, each of these in some situations can overpower the other due to societal norms, religion, etc.   Whatever the case, in conclusion, one point has become abundantly clear based upon this research- morality cannot always be legislated, nor will morality always make the best laws.   Perhaps the issue of freedom, which began the essay, is a fitting final word- without freedom, the human race suffers, but with it, suffering can also become rampant.   It is the responsibility of the people of the world to exercise freedom-with restraint.ReferencesPeach, L. (2002). Legislating Morality: Pluralism and Religious Identity in Lawmaking. NewYork: Oxford University Press.