Dynamic Programming Essay

Dynamic Programming is a mathematical technique dealing with the optimization of multistage decision processes. In this technique, decisions regarding a certain problem are typically optimized in stages rather than simultaneously. This generally signifies that the original decision problem is divided into small sub-problem (stages) which can then be handled more efficiently from the computational view point. Basic Elements of Dynamic Programming To apply Dynamic Programming, we have to pay special attention to the three basic elements of the DP Model. They are: 1. Definition of the stages. 2. Definition of the alternatives at each stage. 3. Definition of the states for each stage. Definition of the states varies depending on the situation being modeled. Nevertheless, as we investigate each application, we will find it helpful to consider the following questions: 1. What relationships bind the stages together? 2. What information is needed to make feasible decisions at the current stage without reexamining the decisions made at previous stages? Application of the Dynamic Programming in the Business World We will try to present three application models and finally a worked out implementation of Dynamic Programming showing the superiority of DP over the usual or straight forward method of solution. 1. Work Force Model: In some construction projects, hiring and firing are exercised to maintain a labour force that meets the needs of the project. Given that the activities of hiring and firing both incur additional costs. In such cases, through the implementation of DP Model, we can get the optimum result regarding how the labor force should be maintained throughout the life of the project. For example: A construction contractor estimates that the size of the work force needed over the next 5 weeks is to be 5, 7, 8, 4 and 6 workers respectively. Excess labor kept on the force will cost $300 per week and new hiring in any week will incur a fixed cost of $400 plus $200 per worker per week. The elements of this DP model are: 1. Stage i Such problem can optimally be solved through DP Model. Equipment Replacement Model: The longer a machine stays in service, the higher is its maintenance cost, and the lower its productivity. When a machine reaches a certain age, it may be more economical to replace it. The problem thus turns into determining the most economical age of a machine. Suppose that we are studying the machine replacement problem over a span of n years. At the start of each year, we decide whether to keep the machine in service an extra year or to replace it with a new one. For example: Shajib Farms wants to develop a replacement policy for its 2-year-old tractor over the next 5 years. A tractor must be kept in service for at least 3 years, but must be disposed of after 5 years. The current purchase price of a tractor is $40,000 and increases by 10% a year. The salvage value of a 1-year-old tractor is $30,000 and decreases by 10% a year. The current annual operating cost of the tractor is $1,300 but is expected to increase by 10% a year. Such problem can optimally be solved easily by applying DP Model. Investment Model We commonly assume that an investor wants to maximize â€Å"Total Return†. Suppose that Mr. Jamal wants to invest Tk. 4,000,000 (4 Million) now and 2,000,00 (2 Million) at the starts of years 2 to 4. The interest rate offered by NCC Bank is 8% compounded annually and the bonuses over the next 4 years are 1.8%, 1.7%, 2.1% and 2.5% respectively. The annual interest rate offered by Eastern Bank is 2% lower than that of NCC Bank, but its bonus is .5% higher. The objective is to maximize the accumulated capital at the end of 4 years. Such problem can also optimally be solved easily by applying DP Model. A company is selecting the advertising for its productand the frequency of advertising by each material are shown in the following table: |Frequency per week |Expected Sales (In Tk. 1,000) | | |Television |Radio |Newspaper | |0 |0 |0 |0 | |1 |25 |20 |33 | |2 |42 |38 |43 | |3 |55 |54 |47 | |4 |63 |65 |50 | We have to determine the optimum combination of advertising frequency and sales. Solution: States: Let X1= The frequency of advertisement at stage-1 (0~6) X2= The frequency of advertisement at stage-2 (0~6) X3= The frequency of advertisement at stage-3 (=6) S= Total Frequncy Stage-1 |Total Frequency (S) |Frequency at |Expected Sales | | |Stage-1(X1) | | |0 |0 |0 | |1 |1 |25 | |2 |2 |42 | |3 |3 |55 | |4 |4 |63 | Stage-2 | X2 |f 2(S, X2)=R2(X2)+ f 1*(S-X2) | | | | | |f2*(S) |X2* | |S | | | | | |0 |1 |2 |3 |4 | | | |0 |0+0=0 | | | | |0 |0 | |1 |0+25=25 |20+0=20 | | | |25 |0 | |2 |0+42=42 |20+25=45 |38+0=38 | | |45 |1 | |3 |0+55=55 |20+42=62 |38+25=63 |54+0=54 | |63 |2 | |4 |0+63=63 |20+55=75 |38+42=80 |54+25=79 |65+0=65 |80 |2 | Stage-3 | X2 |f 3(S, X3)=R3(X3)+ f 2*(S-X3) | | | | | |f3*(S) |X3* | |S | | | | | |0 |1 |2 |3 |4 | | | |4 |0+80=80 |33+63=96 |43+45=88 |47+25=72 |50+0=50 |96 |1 | Now we can derive the optimal values: X1=1 X2=2 X3=1 Expected Sales= 96,000 Usual or Straight forward method of solution √ Circle indicates alternative plans at each stage & √ Arrows represent the decision. The features of the above exhaustive enumeration scheme are: 1. All the decisions of any combination must specified before a combination can be evaluated. Here during solution, we have to make 64 alternative plans first. 2. An optimum policy cannot be determined until all combinations have been evaluated. This method is inefficient because some of the combination may not be feasible. 3. In other cases the number of combination may be too large to allow exhaustive listing. The Dynamic Programming approach avoids the above mentioned difficulties by first breaking up the problem into smaller sub-problems which are called stages in DP. A stage here signifies a portion of the problem for which a separate decision can be made.

Red Bull and Reaction Times Essay

Introduction Substances that humans intake in food or drink contain various chemicals that affect the normal bodily functions of the consumer. Stimulants are drugs which when absorbed into the body raises physiological or nervous activity. The Red Bull Energy Drink is a stimulant, which contains psychoactive ingredients such as taurine, glucuronolactone and caffeine. Sportsmen and people requiring large amounts of energy or mental stimulation consume Red Bull because the beverage claims to â€Å"increase concentration and reaction speed†. Due to Red Bull’s claim, and its increasing popularity amongst teenagers in my grade, I wanted to test if the drink did actually affect the consumer psychoactively, and to how significant an extent. To test the claim, I decided to assess 20 subjects in their psychomotor performance (reaction time/concentration) both at a normal bodily function state, and then under the influence of the chemical stimulant Red Bull. Such a test would involve many variables that had to be kept constant. Hence, this test involved 20 male subjects aged 18 to 19 years of age, who were informed beforehand of the assessment procedure. These subjects were given instructions to have at least 8 hours of sleep the night before the experiment, and were told to be present for the assessment on an empty stomach. These subjects were also not allowed to consume any other food or drink substances during the window period of testing, and the entire experiment was conducted on the same day in a 3 hour window (8:30am to 11:30am). Each subject was to consume 250ml of water (experiment control) and 250 of Red Bull. Also, to allow the substances to absorb into the body of the consumer, reaction tests were conducted only 45 minutes after consumption of the substance. Such variables were important to have been kept in order to ensure that no other environmental factors or other chemicals being absorbed into the body will affect the experiment. The reaction speed assessment is conducted electronically. Each assessment consists of the subject concentrating on a yellow spot on the screen, which will turn red. Upon changing colour, the subject has to click using a provided mouse as fast as possible, and the reaction time is calculated electronically. Each assessment consists of 5 trials. A 2 sample t-test will be used to assess the if there is a significant difference between the reaction time of the subjects under the influence of water, versus under the influence of Red Bull. Research Question Is there a significant difference between the reaction speed of 18-19 year old males under the influence of water and under the influence of Red Bull Energy Drink? Hypothesis I believe that the reaction speed of the subjects under the influence of Red Bull Energy Drink is shorter than under the influence of water. Considering how consumers drink Red Bull to boost themselves when feeling lethargic, or having difficulties focusing, Red Bull must have a significant effect on the body’s psychoactivity. I also believe that an increase in the chemical stimulants (taurine, glucuronolactone and caffine) as well as high sugar levels will cause an increase in psychoactivity within the consumer’s body due to the nature of the chemical stimulants. (A sample sign-up form can be found on the following page.) Pre-Experiment Procedure: 2. Measure 250ml of water and pour it into the large cup. 3. Repeat step 2 20 times. This is to prepare the initial control for the subjects to consume. 4. Give a cup to each subject. Subjects consume the 250ml of water at about 2 minute intervals from each other. Start the stopwatch once the first subject has begun drinking. 5. Prepare a computer terminal with the reaction test given in the following link below. Instructions on how to conduct the test are provided on-site. You may need a computer lab to carry out the test. Each test involves five trials. http://www.steriley.com/speed/ 6. When 45 minutes has passed, allocate the first subject to the computer. Instruct him/her to carry out the test. Assist any volunteer who may require extra help. 7. When the subject has completed the test, collect the results into a table. Allocate the next subject to begin the test. This step should be completed in exactly 2 minutes. 8. Repeat steps 3-7 once more, but instead give each subject a can of Red Bull instead of water. Investigate How Red Bull Energy Drink Affects The Reaction Time of 18-19 Year Old Human Males. (Sign-up sheet) Details: Venue: St Josephs Institution International Date: 11 June 2011 Time: 8:30am – 11:30am (please be punctual) Instructions (read carefully before signing up): * Volunteers must be male and between the ages of 18 and 19.* * Volunteers must receive 8 hours of sleep before the experiment day. * Volunteers must not have consumed any food or drinks at least 3 hours before the experiment. * Volunteers are not to consume any food or drink during the experiment period. * Volunteers are not allowed to do any strenuous activities during the experiment period. This includes running, and other forms of exercise. Std. Dev:| 0.033| 0.019| Graph showing mean reaction times of 20 males, ages 18-19 under influence of water and of Red Bull: From the graph, we can already infer that there is quite a large difference between the reaction times of the subjects under the influence of Red Bull as compared to water. The t-test to follow will show if this difference shown on the graph is a significant difference or not. T-test: I will now use a t-test to prove whether there is a significant difference between the reaction times of an 18-19 year old male under the influence of water or Red bull. Null Hypothesis (H0): There is no significant difference between the reaction times of an 18-19 year old male under the influence of either water or Red Bull Energy Drink. Alternate Hypothesis (H1): There is a significant difference between the reaction times of an 18-19 year old male under the influence of Red Bull Energy Drink as compared to water. Working: For this experiment, the degrees of freedom is calculated to be: 20+20-2=38. The t-value as provided by the GDC is 6.2966 or 6.30 corrected to 3 significant figures. The p-value as provided by the table is 1.684 (at 40 d.f) with a confidence level of 95%. 6.30>1.684, ∠´t>p. The value of t is larger than p. The P-value as calculated by the GDC is 2.232737 x 10 -7 or 0.000000223 (3.s.f.) P

Interview a Healthcare Leader Essay

My background and role in the interview was to determine what it takes to be an effective leader. The central issue to understand before conducting an interview with any subject is to ask oneself these following questions. They include, who is this subject? What does he or she do? How does he or she work and what makes them who they are? Asking these questions also are important when one is conducting an interview with a leader of a health care setting or an organization. I as a restorative coordinator in a health care setting wanted to conduct an interview with a health care leader to understand what their role is in the daily operations of a health institution. I had some objectives, and they included, to find someone who had a hand in various projects within a health organization, a person involved with quality improvements, a person who implements ideas and a person who is involved with evaluating different health outcomes. I also wanted to interview a person who had enough staff members working under them. After considering these objectives, I made a decision to interview the director of nursing (DON) in my place of employment. This is a lady responsible for most of the clinical operations that occur on a daily basis in the health care institution. As I conducted the interview, I wanted to find out her personal philosophy of leadership, and her professional interactions with staff members including doctors, other health care managers, staff members and other auxiliary personnel involved in the health care institution. The director of nursing leadership style and some of the major financial, ethical, clinical, administrative and personal challenges involved with leadership would be discussed. Finally, the DON’s mentor if any as she aspired to become a leader and her advice to me to become an effective leader would also be discussed throughout this paper. Who is a leader? After an informal introduction of the reasons why I wanted to conduct an interview with her as the director of nursing, I asked the number one question, â€Å"Who is a leader†? She stated and I paraphrase â€Å"a leader is basically a person that does everything. According to Sullivan and Decker (2009), â€Å"a leader is a person that uses interpersonal skills to influence others while trying to accomplish a specific goal through means of flexible repertoire of personal behaviors and strategies† (p. 45). A healthcare leader is a person in the health care profession with or without a specific job title, and uses that role as a leader to affect change through various means. I waited for the DON to provide more detailed response of a leader, she stated, â€Å"well follow me around for a day and see what I do and this would give you an idea of what a leader does†. Those statements by the DON lead me to finding out about the important qualities and characteristics of a leader. Important qualities or characteristics of a leader. I began my day of following the director of nursing, by observing a morning meeting that she leads on a daily basis called â€Å"Stand-up†. She invites heads of different department to give a daily report of the previous day’s operations. During this morning stand-up meeting, I observed some qualities that I think make a person an effective leader. First, listening to other peoples’ ideas and providing suggestions on how to improve patients’ care and outcomes is a hallmark of an effective leader. From observation, I was able to see firsthand how the DON listened to different people in the meeting. Expectation of feedback from staff members is another characteristic of an effective leader. During the meeting, the DON requested feedback from staff members whenever an idea was brought up. She offered her opinion and requested other peoples’ opinions on different topics. For instance, an idea was brought up during the meeting on how to decrease the number of falls among dementia patients. The DON requested every concerned department to provide a proposal on how to accomplish that task. She also set a deadline for the proposals for the following day. Other qualities of a leader include finding ways to affect change. Some of the ways include, introduction of ideas, creation of new policies and procedures, helps with changing existing policies and helps with implementation and evaluation of outcomes in a health care setting (Collinson, 2006). Personal philosophy of leadership. Leadership is viewed by people in different ways. A person’s idea of what makes a great leader may be different from others. So the next question I asked the DON was what her views were of leadership in healthcare and what roles leaders play in making sure that tasks are completed effectively, institution policies and procedures are followed. The DON proceeded to discuss her leadership style. She stated that she does not believe in using only one leadership style because every situation is different. The director of nursing provided me with examples of when she uses different leadership style. For example, she usually uses a democratic leadership style whenever she wants other staff members to have an active role in task completion. She uses transformational leadership style when issues are more complex and needs more inclusion of inspiration from a leader. For example, if an issue of an ethical nature comes up, transformational leadership style is used. She also stated that her leadership views are evolving because she sometimes makes mistakes when dealing with staff members. Learning experiences in her personal development as a leader. The director of nursing’s learning experiences over the years as she became a leader in health care included mistakes she made over financial and personnel issues. One of her most poignant one was that she mistakenly fired a staff member as a result of someone else’s lies. She did not conduct a thorough investigation over the issue before she fired the staff member. As a result the health institution was sued for illegal termination. The case was settled, but she was taught a lesson of how to conduct a detailed investigation of issues before taking actions. How leadership in Nursing is evolving today. Leadership in nursing today requires extensive educational background. In previous years, a registered nurse who has practiced for a long time can become a manager on a unit and even head a whole department. In recent times, the more education a nurse has, the more important he or she becomes. Not to say that it is a bad thing, but sometimes experience trumps education. The DON I interviewed is a master’s graduated nurse of three years. She stated that she wished that she had more experience before taking over a leadership position because it was a steep learning curve for her. Challenges in her current position. Some of the challenges involved with being a leader described by the director of nursing include dealing with different egos in the workplace. She stated that one of her pet peeves in this position is that no matter how much she tries to act cordially toward some people in the work place, some staff members just want to make everything difficult for her to manage. Other challenges include trying to get staff members to adhere to rules and regulations of the health institution. Some staff members as the DON stated find it difficult to follow instructions, so her challenge is to come up or elicit ideas from people on how to make staff members adhere to the policies established. The DON’s mentor and her advice for someone aspiring to be a healthcare leader. As the director of nursing described during the interview, her mentor was the previous director of nursing in the same health institution before she retired. She learned various leadership techniques and strategies from the previous DON. She learned how to communicate with staff members and how to encourage others people to work together as a team. In terms of her advice to me as someone aspiring to be a leader in healthcare, she stated that, I should make sure to act with integrity in everything I do as it pertains to my job description. Her reason for this is that, staff members respect and work for any leader or manager who acts in an honest way. She also stated that I should treat everyone in an equal footing because perception is often times reality for staff members who may think that some staff members are treated differently from others. Conclusion Conducting an interview with a healthcare leader was a learning experience for me because of all the renewed understanding of what it takes to be a leader. â€Å"Leadership encompasses a holistic focus on shared processes, structures, and culture† (Hanson, & Ford, 2011, p. 284). I came to understand that being a leader can be rewarding as well as a difficult challenge for people. I also learned that being a leader is not for everyone, because of the physical, psychological, social, and intellectual requirements that are expected from a health care leader.

Finance analysis Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Finance analysis - Essay Example In this study, it was required to compute the Net Present Value of a project for a given company and make a recommendation on whether the project is worthwhile or not. The NPV of a project is the difference between the present values of its cash inflows and its cash outlays. The NPV technique makes use of the discounted cash flow method and discounts the cash flows at the rate of the cost of capital (Smart & Megginson, 2008, p. 261). Additionally, this paper includes designing a capital budgeting model that can be used to evaluated similar projects. Research on Model Design The conventional use of financial models is to evaluate the financial feasibility of a proposed investment. Such models can be utilized to investigate the various investment alternatives that are available, in order to choose the most viable one. Generally financial models are designed to assess a particular capital budgeting project. Capital budgeting choices are supposed to be based on cash flows, instead of acc ounting profits. Additionally it is the incremental cash flows that are applicable. In general, a project is undertaken if the NPV of the incremental cash flows generated from it is found to be positive. However, there may be instances when a Company has multiple projects to choose from but due to budget constraint, the firm’s management might not be able to select all the projects that have a positive NPV. In such cases, the projects having higher values of NPV are opted over those which have inferior NPV values. When the projects are mutually exclusive, the one having the highest NPV is chosen and the others rejected (Gallagher & Andrew, 2007, p. 270). It is known that spreadsheets are suitable and very useful device that are utilized in the assessment of capital projects. The most common methods used in these models are the NPV and the IRR, though other methods like payback period and accounting return are also used. The review of literature revealed that the most popular and publicly available capital budgeting models were the one created for assessing investments in forestry. Some of these models comprise of the FARMTREE model, Agro Forestry Estate model, Australian Farm Forestry Financial Model and the Australian Cabinet Timbers Financial Model (Dayananda et al, 2002, pp. 237-240). These models are designed to evaluate forestry investments and owing to their large scale and exclusive requirement are complicated in nature. On the other hand, the model prepared for the appraisal of the MP3 player project has been built according to its customized requirements and hence best suited. This model is user friendly and even a layman would be comfortable using it for appraising similar projects. The model has been so created, that even if the input variables and the associated relationships are changed, the model would be able to accommodate the changes. Capital Budgeting Model and the explanation of the Outputs For the calculation of the NPV of the new MP 3 player production project that is being considered by the Company, it is crucial to determine the cash flows related to the project. The cash flows can be grouped as follows: Initial capital outflow Operating cash flow during the project’s life (in this case: 5 years) Cash flow during the terminal year of the project The initial capital outflow of the company included the training cost, the retirement package, the working capital requirement and the equipment cost, i.e. $158,701,000. The components of the operating cash flows in the next five years have

American Empire, Oil and Global domination (The American Empire Essay

American Empire, Oil and Global domination (The American Empire Project) - Essay Example However, every time America had a solid argument which it presented to the world and made it appear to everyone that America's involvement is imperative either for its own security and defense or for the betterment of this world as a whole, let alone the consideration for devastations it brings to the world and innocent people on whom the war either declared or undeclared is imposed. The question that is raised by the world is that is it necessary for America to harm others in order to maintain its peace and security, or behind such arguments US is nurturing and fostering the concept of maintaining the US power and dominance over the world by controlling the world oil reserves and influencing the major oil producing countries. This paper exposes the arguments presented by United States for its invasion in Iraq, highlights the concept of American Empire with a background to reasons behind the major wars it has participated in and finally envisions the real behind the scene reasons and causes for the Iraq invasion. According to Burbach, Roger and Jim Turbell "Concentrating on terrorism for electionprovided an opportunity to highlight Bush's War on Terror and the need for patriotic Americans to rally behind the flag to support their President.Unfortunately, Osama Bin Laden, the terrorist who had rained fear down on America on 9/11, could not be found. They needed to find a new terrorist to portray as evil incarnate. Saddam Hussein fitted the bill."1 Iraq war was not only about Saddam Hussein, it was much about oil and control over the Middle East region. Middle East is the heart of world oil production where exists huge oil and energy reserves that are imperative for United State's well-being. According to Kofi Annan the UN Secretary General, there were no justifications for the use of military action against the Iraq.2 Iraq was not at all a threat to the Unites State's national security. Infact, United States had plans to invade Iraq for oil reserves even several months before the attack of September 11. According to Sunday Herald, the United States promoted the use of military action against Iraq about five months before the September 11 attack in order to control its secured oil supply in future.3 United States had already realized its ever increasing demand and declining supply for oil and it had already planned to invade Iraq which was the second largest supplier of oil to the world, about which Everest said, "Overthrowing Saddam Hussein, creating a client state in Iraq, and opening up Iraq's economy are key components of a much larger, multi-faceted global agenda in which energy resources play a crucial role"4 The event provided United States a great chance to set its foot in countries having huge energy reserves that was the only way to control the world oil supply and reserve a continued secured supply of oil for itself all behind the mask of national security and self-defense. However, the United States has always denied that its invasion of Iraq was for the purpose of imperialism and global dominance by means of controlling Iraq's discovered and undiscovered precious oil reserves, yet it is evident to the world that the real agenda behind the Iraq invasion was Oil, not the issue of American national security. US PRETENCE FOR WAR ON IRAQ The US had many

Christianity as Mediated by America's Entertainment Culture & Justin Essay

Christianity as Mediated by America's Entertainment Culture & Justin Bieber - Essay Example Consequently, it is why celebrities are marketed and angled to entice a larger devotion, exploring more possible target consumers. A prime example of this scenario is Justin Bieber and how he projects his image as a devote Christian. He even inked a portrait of Jesus on his calf. In an article entitled â€Å"Are young, religious stars like Justin Bieber and Tim Tebow making Christianity cool?† (Foxnews.com, January 10, 2012), Jo Pizza also mentioned other stars such as Demi Lovatto and NFL player Tim Tebow credit and praise their religion for their success in . Whether it is a packaging and publicity stunt to showcase Bieber as a devoted Christian in order to further his career, it is important to scrutinize the effects that in entails to society, to popular culture and its followings, and also the impact towards the Christian religion or simply just to religion. It is also critical to note that while Bieber’s influence does not generally include the adult population, h e rather has a strong hold of fan base on the youth who calls themselves as â€Å"Beliebers†, wherein the influence and impression is more potent and lasting to society, notwithstanding the support that it garners from the religious sector. Thus, there is also a need to explore the link between how pop culture transcends from an idolizing and cult-like following into a significant religious influence. To understand better the American society and how religion is practiced, the media and its proponents must also be discussed. It is also important to delve and examine how religion evolved in the United States and outline how the secular theory has adopted through time through the aid of mass media and technology. Understanding how religion is now availed by the community through means of cable televisions and especially the internet will give better grasps as to how pop culture has found a way and rooted itself through the religious diversities of America. Celebrities are Sales men and Religion is a Product When someone is propelled into the spotlight, directly or indirectly, they sell something. Whether it is in the form of movies, appearances, albums, advertisements, and the like, celebrities are vessels to sell something. In fact, in today’s culture, the celebrities are even the product themselves.1 Compared to the previous decades, the consumers demand to know everything about their lives. Noteworthy is the emerging unprecedented growth of paparazzi and gossip chasers who literally stalk celebrities in chase of the latest piece of conversation or controversy that can be made. In this age of technology and media, the interesting is defined by what is visible. Following on that premise; the invisible is uninteresting, thus unpopular, and ultimately unsellable. Therefore, celebrities must constantly reinvent and find ways to be more and more noticeable to the public eye in order to be successful salesmen of their products. Religion is no different than any commodity. It is also a product that is like any other where it needs to be marketed and sold to the consumer.2 After all, one needs to be convinced of a product before one purchases it or (in this case) adheres to it. It is worth highlighting that in this modern age, forms of religion are being marketed and advertised through the media. Evidence of these are the television channels

Career action plan Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

Career action plan - Coursework Example It will also have a detailed analysis of the skills/knowledge and experience that would be expected from the particular candidate aspiring for a job. The report further progresses with the development of the CV and the covering letter preparation that would be prepared to demonstrate the skills/knowledge and experience in order to apply for a graduate level job. After that the report will exhibit the gap analysis where the current knowledge and the skills of the applicants will be matched with the requirement that has been identified in the research. At this stage, an attempt will be made to identify the areas where the candidate lacks. The preparation of the career action plan will be carried out where the candidate will show his commitment in order to plug the lacuna. At this section, personal development planning and career related activities will be undertaken. A short conclusion of the overall report will be presented to the reader in order to reflect the feeling on completion o f the overall assignment and exhibit an understanding of the intention to use the career action plan. Since several years the marketing job has been extremely competitive. The marketing industry is growing which is good news for those aspiring to make their careers on marketing. In order to overcome the tough times such as the recent economic slowdown, the companies seek people who can help them to get through this kind of situations. In this case, utilising money for marketing seems to be viable. However, there are certain drawbacks about these marketing jobs as well. Although the job profile seems to be attractive, the candidates have to face tough competition in this field. If the candidate seems to be incredibly hardworking and seeking challenges, then he can get involved into the marketing jobs. As the industry is growing there seems to be greater demand for

Bubbles by Chris Martenson Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Bubbles by Chris Martenson - Essay Example The 2007 housing bubble is a recent example of a bubble that has affected the American economy and the rest of the world. The author has shown that although the bubble started way back in 1998, it was still never stopped. As the author narrates, bubbles have their way around with the people. In other words, people always tend to get tricked into believing that things will be different. Based on the video, it is obvious that bubbles can be avoided if people stopped being guided by the false illusion that â€Å"this time, things will be different.† In addition, in the United States, the Federal Reserve failed in its duty to protect the public against the housing bubble. Even when the signs of the bubble started to show, the Federal Reserve continued to lower interest rates. It was rather using researches to convince the public that the housing was not going to create an asset bubble. From this, the video points to the importance of having an effective central bank system in prev enting such economic catastrophes. In the United States, the Federal Reserve failed to act on the problem before it became too big.  Finally, the video shows that an asset bubble is just an indicator of a bigger problem. The housing bubble was just an indicator of increased borrowing. There was an increase in debt from $27 trillion in 2000 to $48 trillion in 2007. This shows how asset bubbles affect other sectors of the economy. In addition, bubbles are destructive because people/organizations tend to make the wrong investments.

How does the relative distance traveled by food products impact the Research Paper

How does the relative distance traveled by food products impact the price of those food products - Research Paper Example The research includes related literature. David Kault stated: â€Å"When it is not feasible to measure all the individuals in which we are interested, we measure a selection of them. Usually the selection is a small or infinitesimal fraction of the number of individuals in which we are interested. In the case of women's heights, we would measure a small selection of women. The statistical term used here is that we take a ‘sample’ from the population†. Patrick Westhoff emphasized the cost of transportation is one important factor affecting food prices of competing products. For example, soybeans that are harvested in Illinois are priced lower than imported European soybeans because it is cheaper to ship the soybeans through the Mississippi river compared to shipping the soybeans through the wide expanse of the Atlantic Ocean. From 2004 to 2006, soybeans were sold at an average of $202 per metric ton in the markets central Illinois. On the other hand, the soybeans t hat were imported from Netherlands were sold at the higher $261 per metric ton in Illinois. The difference in the food price per metric ton is due to the increase in the transportation fuel prices. In addition, Moshe Milevsky reiterated fuel costs directly affect the prices of food products. In high income nations, including the United States, the consumer’s average food money is allocated for the reimbursement of the store’s expenses.... The three competing food stores are Wal-Mart food store, Netgrocer food store, and Netfoodex.Com food store. Research assignment The research includes related literature. David Kault (Kault, 2003) stated: â€Å"When it is not feasible to measure all the individuals in which we are interested, we measure a selection of them. Usually the selection is a small or infinitesimal fraction of the number of individuals in which we are interested. In the case of women's heights, we would measure a small selection of women. The statistical term used here is that we take a ‘sample’ from the population†. Patrick Westhoff (Westhoff, 2010) emphasized the cost of transportation is one important factor affecting food prices of competing products. For example, soybeans that are harvested in Illinois are priced lower than imported European soybeans because it is cheaper to ship the soybeans through the Mississippi river compared to shipping the soybeans through the wide expanse of t he Atlantic Ocean. From 2004 to 2006, soybeans were sold at an average of $202 per metric ton in the markets central Illinois. On the other hand, the soybeans that were imported from Netherlands were sold at the higher $261 per metric ton in Illinois. The difference in the food price per metric ton is due to the increase in the transportation fuel prices. In addition, Moshe Milevsky (2010) reiterated fuel costs directly affect the prices of food products. In high income nations, including the United States, the consumer’s average food money is allocated for the reimbursement of the store’s expenses. The expenses include the cost of transporting the goods from the farm to the entity’s store

Management Skills Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Management Skills - Essay Example I have high self-awareness such that I know a lot about myself, my attitudes, beliefs, emotions and many other traits that I have. I have found out that one cannot have all the good qualities and therefore I have identified my strength and weaknesses from colleagues and this has helped me improve in areas that I initially thought to be my strong points. I also talk to others about myself so that they are able to know exactly who I am. This is good because it fosters good relations between a manager and the employees as they know exactly what I like and what I do not like.In a normal working day, a manager is facing d with stressful events, the pressure to produce results and deadlines to meet. In such situations, I ensure that I prioritize events and work so that the most important things come first. This helps me a lot to avoid stressful moments when work has to be submitted and yet I have not completed it. Besides that to ensure that I do not break down as a result of work stress I ensure that I go to work out every day before I go to work. This makes me fit and keeps me going.Problems are part of the life of a manager. There are routine problems that will usually occur each and every day or occasionally. It is important as a manager to be prepared to handle the problem in a professional way. Therefore in such cases, I make sure I understand what the problem is through careful definition. After knowing what the problem is I generate as many solutions as possible that can be used to solve the problem.

Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Case Study Example So, he measured high on the self awareness. Other than that, he did not control his emotions, so his score on self management is very low. He lost all hope for building his career in the company, and therefore took the extreme steps which speaks of his low score on self motivation. He did not understand Marilyn’s reason for disapproving his promotion, so he measured low on empathy. He took actions against the peers because of poor social skills which earned him bad name in the company. 2. Alex needs to improve his emotional intelligence particularly on the dimensions of empathy and social skills. He should have realized how abrupt he used to talk on the phone, and how often he refused to provide answers through emails when he was required to do so by his peers. He should make a written note of apology to the company’s owners and all of the management and peers. 3. Alex’s suspension and recommendation for his termination is very justified given his misconduct and lack of consideration for the reputation of the company.

Becoming a Police Officer Essay Example for Free

Becoming a Police Officer Essay Although being a police officer can be stressful, it can also be highly rewarding if public service is important to you. (Kara, 1999) When becoming a Police Officer, you are making a commitment to protect your community even if it means giving your life to do it. Despite what some people may think every police officer does their job they way they do it to make sure that your families are safe every night. Just like any job out there now a days you have to have an education. To be a police officer most places are now requiring a two degree. Going beyond a two year degree usually leaves you the opportunity to progress in your field of choice allowing for more job options. Being a Police Officer means that you have to first meet the requirements set forth by the department with which you are applying, have the unique set of skills to do your job efficiently, and you have to have the willingness to further your education to go further in your career. To be successful as a Police Officer there are some characteristics that you need. Some of these characteristics include having a level head, being able to think quickly on your feet, and have the ability to work well under pressure. You have to be able to work well with little to no supervision. This is a skill you need when working undercover and in the field. It is also important that you have self-confidence, and confidence in your ability to make decisions and take the lead in what could be a risky situation. Leadership skills are also important because the people of the community look to you to be able to solve issues and crime related issues. Having the capabilities to be a leader comes very important in the job as an officer. The whole community depends upon your ability to be a leader in their eyes. It’s highly important to have the ability to stay calm in highly stressful situations. If you are unable to stay calm in high pressure situations and emotional intense situations it will become hard for you to as an officer to function on a daily basis. Having patience (which can be difficult at times) and a good set of morals are also important skills an officer must have. An officer must be able to handle situations with patience and good communication skills. These come very handy while interviewing a suspect or even dealing with issues in the community. Having a good set of morals are important because as an officer of the law you must set the example and follow the laws yourself and not believe that you can get away with everything because you are above the law, because you are not. You are an enforcer of the law, so to enforce the law upon others you must also obey the laws yourself. You also should have a good sense of right and wrong to be able to encourage good behavi or to the public. The basic requirements to be a police officer are usually about the same, because most follow the civil service regulations when hiring officers. These requirements would include: Being a United States citizen, you have to be at least twenty-one years old, have a high school diploma or equivalent education, possess a valid driver’s license, and have no prior convictions. Now these are just the basics, most departments generally have more requirements, for example a lot of departments now require that you have at least an associate’s degree in criminal justice. Before you can begin working in a department as an officer you are generally required to attend a police academy which you must complete and pass to be qualified as a Police Officer. When you go through the police academy you are generally there from twelve to fourteen weeks, while there you must pass a physical fitness and written exam. While at the police academy educational wise, you will learn state ordinances and local laws, working with the public, constitutional laws, accident investigation, incident reporting, civil rights, mental preparation for hostility, and criminal psychology. Like most jobs you can learn all you want about a job but, you learn best by doing. Because police jobs are dangerous jobs they require specific training to succeed in the field. Work experience is done under the supervision of a training officer. The on the job training includes: using firearms, responding to emergencies, controlling traffic, CPR and first-aid, self-defense techniques, apprehension techniques, risk assessment, and role playing. All training is essential to be the best you can be at being an officer. All the training that is endured is important for you to be the person the community needs you to be. There are several opportunities for advancement in law enforcement. The police force ranking is clearly structured and goes as followed: Police constable, sergeant, inspector, chief inspector, superintendent, chief superintendent, assistant chief constable, deputy chief constable, and chief constable. Police constables have to complete a two year probationary period before they can be eligible for higher ranking. When the probationary period is over police constables are then able to apply for specialist units such as the fraud squad, fire arms, drug squad, child protection, criminal investigation department (CID) traffic, mounted branches, dog handlers, and underwater search units. Becoming a police officer is a process; you are tested physically and mentally. Being a police officer is an important job because those people are there for you, your family, and the community. Not only is education a requirement to being a police officer, but furthering that education will open up more opportunities in that field. To be a police officer it takes a number of skills to be the best you can be at your job. References AGCAS. (2012, January). Police officer career development. Retrieved from http://www.prospects.ac.uk/police_officer_career_development.htm Education Portal. (2003). Police officer: Educational requirements for police officers. Retrieved from http://education-portal.com/articles/Police_Officer_Educational_Requirements_for_Police_Officers.html What type of person can succeed in law enforcement. (n.d.). Retrieved from http://www.communitypolicing.org/law-enforcement-success

Effect Of Substrates On The Respiration Of Yeast Biology Essay

Effect Of Substrates On The Respiration Of Yeast Biology Essay The aim of this investigation is to examine what effects different substrates have on the respiration of yeast. I will investigate this by measuring the amount of carbon dioxide evolved during anaerobic respiration. Pilot Experiment: Before we could test which carbohydrate and type of yeast produced more carbon dioxide, we had to standardise the other variables of this experiment; temperature and concentration. Therefore, in order to find the optimum conditions we carried out a pilot experiment. In this experiment we used a range of temperatures from 10ËÅ ¡ to 60ËÅ ¡C and three different concentrations of carbohydrate 1%, 5% and 10%. The experiment was carried out as a group experiment with everyone being allocated a different temperature and concentration to test. It was carried out over a standardised period of 5 minutes. The rationale for conducting this pilot experiment was that enzymes are biological catalysts that are made up of globular proteins which are activated to work by temperature. They exist in the yeast and our bodies and therefore work best at 40ËÅ ¡C, however, they denature soon after and so our body temperature is kept at 37ËÅ ¡C to ensure this does not happen. Denaturation is the irreversible loss of 3D structure of enzymes and can be caused by excess heat or a change in PH. According to the Collision theory however, in order for a reaction to take place a certain level of energy, called the activation energy, must be reached. This energy needs to be reached by the particles colliding in the right way and fast enough, so a reaction can take place. By giving the particles more energy it encourages more to collide therefore the activation energy can be reached and a reaction can happen. The kinetic theory explains the effect of temperature, volume and pressure on the number of collisions. The theory states that if temperature is increased the particles gain more energy and there are more collisions in a given time. Similarly, increasing the concentration means than there is a higher chance of a collision happening because there are more particles in a given volume. If the concentration of carbohydrate/yeast is increased there are more enzymes known as z ymase, produced. This means there are more active sites for the carbohydrate substrate to attach to and the reaction happens faster. Therefore a balance must be reached between temperature so it does not denature the enzymes but is high enough to activate a reaction. Also, having a highly concentrated solution is seemingly advantageous but this can cause osmotic problems, so another balance must be reached, as to avoid this problem, but not to discourage a reaction. Apparatus: Beehive shelf Clamp Stand 50ml conical flask Trough Clamp Thermometer 50cm3 measuring cylinder Heat proof mat Spill 500ml beaker Bunsen burner Delivery tube with bung Tripod Gauze Stopwatch 25cm3 of bakers yeast 25cm3 of sucrose Electronic water-bath Method: 25cm3 of bakers yeast and 25 cm3 of sucrose was mixed together and preheated at the required temperature for 15 minutes in an electronic water-bath. 400cm3 of water was preheated to the same temperature as the yeast using the Bunsen burner. The trough was filled with water and a measuring cylinder was inverted by filling it with water then pressing a piece of paper onto the top to prevent any air bubbles from getting in. The beehive shelf was placed in the centre of the trough and the measuring cylinder was clamped in place, with the top resting on the beehive shelf, the hole being directly under it. The yeast was placed in the preheated water-bath and the bung from the delivery tube was replaced. The delivery tube was inserted into the hole in the side of the beehive shelf and the stop watch was started. Thirty seconds was timed then the beaker with the yeast/carbohydrate mix was swirled for 5 seconds to mix the yeast/carbohydrate. This was repeated every thirty seconds for fifteen minutes, with readings being taken at three five minute intervals. The correct temperature in the water bath was maintained by adding more hot water to it throughout the experiment. BACKGROUND INFORMATION: YEAST Saccharomyces cerevisiae, also known as yeast, is a micro organism that uses saprophytic digestion to break down substrates. This is achieved through releasing specific enzymes to break down specific substrates, but if yeast does not contain a certain types of enzyme then it cannot break down its substrate. The more the enzyme of a particular substrate, the faster the rate of breakdown and therefore the more CO2 is produced. This will help me to test how much CO2 each substrate produces. Yeast can also respire aerobically and anerobically depending on the availability of O2. If there is plentiful of O2 then yeast would respire aerobically with sugars, producing H2O and CO2 as waste products. However, if no oxygen is available then the fermentation would occur which converts sugars into CO2 and ethanol. RESPIRATION Respiration is the process by which energy is released energy from glucose in the presence of Oxygen, forming carbon dioxide and water as waste products. Glucose releases energy in a series of reactions that take place inside components of the cell. The stages are briefly explained below: GLYCOLYSIS To get the sugar in a more reactive form it is produced to fructose-1,6-bisphosphate by the addition 2 phosphate molecules. This process is a phosphorylation reaction. The fructose-1,6-bisphosphate is then broken down into 2 molecules of glyceraldehydes-3-phosphate, which comprises of 3C each. The glyceraldehydes-3-phosphate converted into pyruvate via the oxidation process where each GAL3P molecule releases 2 hydrogen ions and 2 electrons. The electrons are then transferred to NAD to produce NADH (reduced NAD) and the energy is used to produce 4ATP from 4ADP and 4Pi. Finally there is a net yield of 2 molecules of ATP, and 2 molecules of pyruvate which is used in the link reaction and 2 molecules of reduced NAD which carries on to the link reaction. LINK REACTION In the link reaction the 2 molecules of pyruvate leave the cytoplasm of the cell and enter the mitochondrial matrix. This is an oxidation reaction where 2 NAD molecules oxidise 2 pyruvate molecules into 2 acid molecules. These 2 molecules of acetic acid then go on to combine with 2 coenzyme-A molecules to form Acetyl Co enzyme A. in the end of this stage 2 molecules of reduced NAD form, 2 molecules of CO2 is lost and most importantly, Acetyl Co enzyme A is formed through the conversion of pyruvate. This is then used in the next stage of respiration. KREBS CYCLE At the start Acetyl Coenzyme A , combines with Citrate Synthase an enzyme as well and a 4 carbon molecule called oxaloacetate, forming Citrate. Then, Citrate goes through the process of oxidative decarboxylation which forms a 5 carbon molecule called oxoglutarate.at this point NADH is produced and CO2 is removed. In the latter stages of the krebs cycle, the oxoglutarate is changed into a 4 carbon oxaloacetate molecule. NADH is made and 1 molecule ATP is also made. The volume of CO2 that is produced in the krebs cycle is important as this is the dependant variable. ELECTRON TRANSPORT CHAIN In this stage all of the NADH and FADH that has been produced in the previous stages is converted into ATP. This takes place in the cristae of the mitochondria. The NADH and FADH electrons move. When the electrons pass from one carrier to another, a series of reduction and oxidation reactions take place which releases energy in the process. This energy is used to pump H+ ions from the matrix into the intermembrane space, thus creating a gradient where the concentration of the H+ ions in the intermembranal space is higher than it s in the matrix. The inner membrane contains enzymes called ATP Synthase and The H+ ions diffuse through these enzymes causing energy to be released which is used to synthesise ATP through phosphorylation. The process is called because the final terminal electron acceptor is oxygen which picks up the electrons from the chain and the H+ ion from the matrix to form H20 as a waste product. This reaction is catalysed by the enzyme Cytochrome Oxidase For every NADH which enters the chain and is oxidised by NADH dehydrogenase, 3 ATP are produced. For each FADH that enters the chain, 2 molecules of ATP are made. ENZYMES Enzymes are proteins that can effectively increase the rate of a reaction by lowering the required energy (activation energy) needed in order for the reaction to occur. Enzymes have a tertiary structure which decides the shape of the active site. The substrate must be specific to the active site because if they were not complementary to each other, then the substrate can no longer bind to the active site, thus the enzyme substrate complex does not form. The performance of enzymes can be affected in several ways some of which I have explained below. TEMPERATURE An increase in temperature will cause an increase in the rate of reaction because both the enzyme particles and substrate particles have gained kinetic energy. This will result in the particles to move faster, thus increasing collision frequency and the numbers of successful collisions as the particles have the required activation energy. If the temperature rises above the optimum temperature then the enzymes can become denatured. This happens because the enzyme molecule vibrates more causing the weak hydrogen bonds (holding the 3D structure of the enzyme together) to break. This eventually leads to the shape of the active site being altered. Consequently, the substrate will not be able to bind with the substrate as the shape of the active site is no longer complementary so the substrate enzyme complex can not form. This is important in my experiment because if the yeast (enzyme) was to become denatured then it would not be able to bind with the substrate (e.g. glucose) and the react ion would not be catalysed, preventing any CO2 from being formed. I must ensure that temperature is kept constant throughout. PH Another factor which can affect enzymes is pH. Enzymes also have an optimum pH which is pH enzymes work best at. Changing the pH can change the tertiary structure due to the number of H+ ion in an acid or the OH- ions in an alkali. These ions disrupt the hydrogen and ionic bonds between -NH2 and -COOH. This will cause the tertiary structure to break down and changing the active site in the process. Once again, the substrate will no longer be able to bind with the active site, hence no substrate enzyme complex will form. I intend to use a buffer solution which will resist any changes in pH. SUBSTRATE CONCENTRATION Increasing substrate concentration increases enzyme activity as they are more molecules to occupy the active site, thus a faster reaction. If more enzyme substrate complex forms then more CO2 will be produced. However this is occurs only for a certain period until all the active sites are saturated with substrates. Therefore an increase in substrate concentration will not result in a increase in the rate of reaction. Carbohydrates such as glucose and sucrose are too soluble and reactive to be stored as they come as they would present osmotic problems and so they are stored in much more complex, insoluble structures known as polysaccharides. Polysaccharides are macromolecules formed by the joining of many monosaccharides together in condensation reactions. There can be more than 3000 repeating units in a chain, joined by glycosidic bonds, forming many complicated structures, one being starch. Starch is a polymer of alpha glucose, where the hydroxyl group is below the ring, and is made up of 30% amylose and 70% amylopectin. Amylose is a long polymer consisting of over 300 monomers joined by 1,4 glycosidic bonds. Amylopectin gives starch its compact store of energy property as it consists of monomers of glucose in 1,4 and 1,6 linkages causing the chain to branch out. Amylopectin can contain several thousand monomers and forms a coiled up structure which is a valuable store of energy for living organisms. Starch is suited to storage as it is insoluble in water and therefore cannot move out of the cells during osmosis. However, it can easily be broken down to produce simpler carbohydrates by a hydrolysis reaction via the enzyme zymase produced by yeast. It is broken down firstly into maltose then into glucose then into carbon dioxide and ethyl alcohol. In this experiment we used two different types of the Saccharomyces Cerevisiae (saccharo meaning sugar and myces meaning fungus) sub- species of yeast to respire the carbohydrates; bakers and brewers. Both are made up of small cells, separated by walls of cellulose with a living organism inside called a protoplasm. Yeast cells reproduce by budding, and do so every two to three hours under ideal conditions. All types of yeast will respire carbohydrates to make energy in order to reproduce. Therefore, when sugar is added to the Brewers yeast, the yeast cells secrete the enzyme zymase to begin respiring the carbohydrate substrate according to the following equation: C6H12O6 + 6O2 = 6CO2 + 6H2O + 2900kJ Glucose + Oxygen = Carbon + water + Energy dioxide This is known as aerobic respiration due to the presence of oxygen, (defined as free or molecular oxygen atoms participating in the respiratory breakdown of organic substances). Brewers, however, are more interested in anaerobic respiration, (defined as when the respiratory breakdown of organic substrates takes place without the participation of free or molecular oxygen atoms). In yeast, anaerobic respiration is sometimes called fermentation. This happens when the enzyme secreted by yeast, known as zymase, catalyses the break down of glucose to produce ethyl alcohol, in abundance and less carbon dioxide, (which they use to create the fizz). It happens that starch is broken down to form maltose, maltose is broken down into glucose and glucose breaks down according to either the aerobic or anaerobic respiration equation, depending on the conditions. Therefore, Brewers use anaerobic (airtight) conditions and most of the reaction happens according to this equation: C6H12O6= 2C2H5OH + 2CO2 + 84kJ Glucose = Ethyl + Carbon + Energy Alcohol dioxide This produces the desired product i.e. the alcohol and the bi- product of carbon dioxide, which we collect in this experiment. The Bakers yeast is very similar to Brewers except it is used for a slightly different commercial purpose i.e. bread making. The yeast respires aerobically in this process as the main function is to inflate the dough to make it softer, and therefore, the desired product comes from the first equation: C6H12O6 + 6O2 = 6CO2 + 6H2O + 2900kJ Glucose + Oxygen = Carbon + water + Energy dioxide The reaction also requires nitrogen from the air to act as a nucleating site for the carbon dioxide to form bubbles against and therefore produces a good yield of carbon dioxide. In most processes where yeast is used, it will have been cultivated to suit that purpose, e.g. to produce more carbon dioxide or more ethyl alcohol, therefore there will often be a big difference between the behaviour of the two yeasts. We can test this in this experiment as the variable of the condition (whether it is in aerobic or anaerobic conditions) is being standardised by both the experiments being carried out in aerobic conditions. This is due to the fact that there is a good oxygen supply whilst the yeast is preheated and during gas collection, when the system is air tight, it is not left long enough for it to use up the oxygen and respire anaerobically. This is a favourable condition for maximum CO2 production however as, according to the equation, there are six moles of CO2 produced aerobically and only two moles of gas produced anaerobically. Aim: The aim of the pilot experiment is to investigate the optimum temperature and concentration of carbohydrate, that, when respired with yeast, produces the biggest volume of carbon dioxide. PLANNING: THE DEPENDANT AND INDEPENDENT VARIABLE: The dependant variable will be the volume of C02 produced during respiration and the independent variable will be the substrates that I decide to use in the experiment. These are Glucose, Fructose, Maltose, Lactose and Sucrose. NULL HYPOTHESIS: The type of carbohydrate being respired will have no significant effect on the amount of carbon dioxide produced in a given time. HYPOTHESIS: In accordance with the information that has been gathered, the following hypotheses were derived; Hypothesis one: When respired by yeast, different types of carbohydrates will produce different amounts of CO2. I believe this because glucose is a monosaccharide which consists of one molecule, sucrose is a disaccharide, which consists of two molecules and starch is a polysaccharide, consisting of many molecules. This means they all have different molecular structures and therefore will break down with different levels of ease. In order to keep an open mind however, the following null hypothesis was also noted; Null hypothesis one: The type of carbohydrate being respired will have no significant effect on the amount of carbon dioxide produced in a given time. The second hypothesis was theorised relating to the variable of the yeast: Hypothesis two; Different types of yeast will produce different volumes of CO2. I predict this because the commercial purposes of Bakers and Brewers yeasts are different and therefore special cultivations might have made the yeast better designed for one purpose than the other. Again a null hypothesis was also adopted; Null hypothesis two: There will be no significant difference between the amount of carbon dioxide produced by the Bakers and the Brewers yeast. Apparatus: The following apparatus will be used when conducting the experiment: Beehive shelf Trough 200cm3 measuring cylinder 500ml beaker Tripod 25cm3 of bakers yeast 25cm3 of brewers yeast 25cm3 of sucrose 25cm3 of glucose 25cm3 of starch Bunsen burner Gauze Heat proof mat Rubber tubing 50ml conical flask Thermometer Spill Delivery tube with bung Stopwatch Clamp Clamp stand METHOD: 25cm3 of the desired yeast and 25 cm3 of the desired carbohydrate was mixed together and preheated at the required temperature for 1 hour in an electronic water-bath. 400cm3 of water was preheated to the same temperature as the yeast using the Bunsen burner. The trough was filled with water and a 200cm3 measuring cylinder was inverted by filling it with water then pressing a piece of paper onto the top to prevent any air bubbles from getting in. The beehive shelf was placed in the centre of the trough and the measuring cylinder was clamped in place, with the top resting on the beehive shelf, the hole being directly under it. A small piece of rubber tubing was inserted into the beehive shelf through the hole in the side, up into the inverted cylinder, and the other end was attached to the delivery tube. The yeast was placed in the preheated water-bath and the bung from the delivery tube was replaced. The delivery tube was inserted into the hole in the side of the beehive shelf and the stop watch was started. Thirty seconds was timed then the beaker with the yeast/carbohydrate mix was swirled for 5 seconds to mix the yeast/carbohydrate. This was repeated every thirty seconds for fifteen minutes, with readings being taken at three five minute intervals. The correct temperature in the water bath was maintained by adding more hot water to it throughout the experiment. This was repeated using each different type of sugar with each different type of yeast: Bakers glucose, Bakers sucrose, Bakers starch, Brewers glucose, Brewers sucrose, Brewers starch. Control of the variables of the method: In order for this experiment to be run fairly there are certain controls that should be taken into consideration: -The temperature must be kept constant by refilling the water bath with warm water. -The yeast/carbohydrate solution should be pre-mixed and preheated for the same amount of time i.e. one hour, in each experiment. -The gas should be collected at three 5 minute intervals for each condition. -The solution should be swirled every thirty seconds for five seconds to mix the yeast and carbohydrate together. -The temperature and concentration should be the same for each experiment; 35ËÅ ¡C and 7.5% respectively. -The amount of yeast to carbohydrate should be kept constant i.e. 25cm3 of each. -The same method should be used; the rubber tube, collection of gas in an inverted measuring cylinder, as certain ways are more accurate than others. Control of the measurements: When taking measurements, the following points should be noted: -When measuring the gas, measure to the bottom of the meniscus of the water. -Make sure the measuring cylinder is perpendicular to the clamp stand to ensure that the water lies at the correct level. -When timing, do not shake at 30 seconds by the stopwatch because 5 seconds is added on each time (while it is shaken) and therefore by the sixth minute or so it will require shaking as soon as it has been shaken. -Keep a constant check on the thermometer to ensure the temperature does not drop. Results: A summary table to show volume of gas produced by bakers and brewers yeast with three different carbohydrate substrates: Amount of CO2 produced in cm3 in fifteen minutes in each condition The table above shows the results of our practical, including my own, highlighted in blue. The average volume of gas collected in each separate condition is shown and reveals that most gas was produced in the brewers glucose experiment, at 115.6 cm3 and the condition that produced the lowest average was brewers starch, at 9.4. The range of the averages was 94.3, showing there was a large difference between the values. Analysis of the results: The graph above clearly shows the difference between the three carbohydrate substrates to be significant. It is clear that the order for most CO2 produced is glucose, sucrose, starch, the greatest difference being between sucrose and starch. It also appears that the results are closer together for bakers yeast than for brewers. The average for bakers yeast was slightly higher at 74cm3 than the Brewers at 71.2cm3. Students T test: The descriptive statistics above, however, only tell us what has been found, they do not tell us the probability of achieving the scores we did, and therefore an inferential students t test was applied. The students t test was devised to analyse smaller sets of samples; to determine whether the results were due to chance or the manipulation of the independent variable. It works out that if the difference between the variance of the sum of the two means (of the two samples) is greater than twice the standard deviation of the difference between the means (of the two samples) then this is unlikely to have of occurred by chance, and therefore our data is significant. Glucose v Sucrose bakers: t-Test: Two-Sample Assuming Equal Variances Variable 1 Variable 2 Mean 103.6667 93.25641 Variance 927.0702 595.5641 Observations 39 39 Pooled Variance 761.3171 Hypothesized Mean Difference 0 df 76 t Stat 1.66608 P(T

Accountability for Reasonableness for Priority Setting

Accountability for Reasonableness for Priority Setting Essay Accountability for Reasonableness, for priority setting and resource allocation. INTRODUCTION Pakistan as a developing country has very limited health care resources when  considering a huge population of over 170 million. We have very few tertiary care  hospitals and they are providing services to the whole country. Majority of people in  our country are poor and they are unable to afford the expenses of private hospitals,  though private hospitals are also very few. Thousands of doctors are unemployed  and still we have shortage of doctors. Majority of BHU (Basic Health Units) are  closed as majority of doctors belong to urban areas and they don’t want to work in  remote village areas. In all these situations, it is very difficult to maintain health  care throughout country. In this essay, I will take into account four conditions of  accountability for reasonableness for priority setting and resource allocation. I will  take into account these four conditions by Norman Daniels and I will consider a  tertiary care hospital scenario where I did my house job in medicine ward last year. There were majority of patients suffering from chronic liver diseases (CLD). I will  further continue this essay in discussion. DISCUSSION Before discussing the four conditions of accountability for reasonableness, I will  briefly discuss the case scenario. In my medicine ward as I earlier said majority of  patients were of chronic liver diseases (CLD) and it includes Hepatitis B, Hepatitis C  and cirrhosis of liver. Cirrhosis is the end result of hepatocellular injury that leads  to both fibrosis and nodular regeneration throughout the liver. The clinical features  result from hepatic cell dysfunction, portosystemic shunting, and portal  hypertension. Cirrhosis may cause no symptoms for long periods. One of the major  complications is uppergastrointestinal tract bleeding which may occur from varices,  portal hypertensive gastropathy, or gastroduodenal ulcer. Hemorrhage may be  massive, resulting in fatal exsanguinations or enencephalopathy. Esophageal varices  are found in 50 % of patients with cirrhosis. There are several treatment and  management options available for esophageal varices includin g acute resuscitation  as initial management, pharmacologic therapy, balloon tube tamponade, portal  decompressive procedures and emergent endoscopy. Endoscopic techniques are also  used for prevention of Rebleeding. 1. Now, I will discuss my case scenario. In our  hospital there is one associate professor who is trained in doing endoscopy and  Wednesday is fixed for performing endoscopies. Emergent endoscopy is performed  after the patient’s hemodynamic status has been appropriately stabilized (usually  within 2-12 hours). Majority of poor patients come to hospital in end stage liver  diseases. I have taken this case series as it is a perfect example of scarce resources. Many patients faced problems as their endoscopies were not performed on time as  there was only one day fixed in a week. Now I will apply the four conditions of  accountability for reasonableness for priority setting and resource allocation. These  four conditions are publicity condition, relevance condition, revisions and appeals  condition and regulative condition. Accountability for reasonableness makes it  possible to educate all stakeholders about the substance of deliberation about fair  decisions under resource constraints. It facilitates social learning about limits. It  connects decision making in healthcare institutions to broader, more fundamental  democratic deliberative processes. 2. In my case scenario I will apply the four  conditions as follows. The first one is publicity condition. It states that decisions  regarding limits to care and their rationales must be publicly accessible to clinicians,  patients, and citizens in a publicly administered system. When the patients suffer  the complication of esophageal varices, they are informed about the limited capacity  of the ward to arrange endoscopy as it is done on only Wednesdays and surgical  ward have their own burden of patients to be done endoscopies, due to this reason  we were unable to send patients to surgical wards and the patients and their  relatives mostly agrees on this setup and if their was any emergency only then we  take help from surgical ward or send the patients to any other hospital, so the first  condition is fulfilled. In above scenario second condition is also fulfilled which isrelevance condition. It states that the reasons for limit-setting decisions will be  reasonable if it appeals to evidence, reason, and principles that are accepted as  relevant by fair-minded people who are disposed to finding mutually justifiable  terms of cooperation. In my case scenario the decision making is according to the  framework. The rationales w ere reasonable as it is evident that we had limited  facility of endoscopy and it was fairly accepted by patients and their relatives and  also by doctors and other hospital staff. In our setup priority was given to those  patients who needed emergency endoscopy rather than those who requires  endoscopy for diagnostic procedures. The third condition is revisions and appeals  condition. This condition is a very common problem in government hospitals and in  our scenario we request consultants from surgical ward to do emergency endoscopy  if we think patient is serious and he or she may die if the endoscopy is not  performed on time or in other case the other hospital is very far so that it will be late  if we send the patient to other setup and here comes the function of oncall  consultants also, the oncall consultants plays huge role in these emergency  situations. This third condition is a mechanism for challenge and dispute resolution regarding limit setting decisions, including the opportunity for revising decisions in  light of further evidence or arguments. 3. Thus we fulfill the third condition also by  revising our decisions as I explained above. The fourth and last condition is  regulative condition or enforcement. There is either voluntary or public regulation  of the process to ensure that conditions 1-3 are met. This condition is also fulfilled in  our setup as we communicate with the patient and their relatives about our limited  resources. We are able to convince patients in our case scenario. The hospital  leadership is constantly making efforts to meet the conditions of ‘accountability for  reasonableness’. 4. CONCLUSION In this essay I have discussed all four conditions of accountability for  reasonableness, for priority setting and resource allocation. ‘Accountability for  reasonableness’ is a framework that can be used to guide legitimate and fair priority  setting in health care organizations, such as hospitals. In our beloved country  Pakistan we have few government civil hospitals bearing the burden of millions of  population. We try our best to server the humanity. Iam not claiming this system a  perfect one, it needs a lot of improvement and the example is my case scenario in  which we have very limited resources. Government should establish civil hospitals in  small cities also and should increase their budget; they should recruit more doctors  and nurses as we have shortage. They should train doctors with latest equipments  and provide hospitals appropriate medicines. In addition to this all the hospitals  should be provided with computers and also be made online so that a data system  can be established and it can help the patients and also hospitals for future  reference. I will conclude by saying that in such scarce resources, government sector  hospitals are doing excellent job. REFERENCES Current Medical Diagnosis and Treatment 2004. 43rd edition. Norman Daniels. (2000). Accountability for reasonableness. BMJ; 321; 1300-  1301. D K Martin, P A Singer and M Bernstein. (2003). Access to intensive care  unit beds for neurosurgery patients: a qualitative case study. J. Neurol.  Neurosurg. Psychiatry; 74; 1299-1303. Jennifer AH Bell, Sylvia Hyland, Tania DePellegrin, Ross EG Upshur, Mark  Bernstein and Douglas K Martin. (2004). SARS and hospital priority setting:  a qualitative case study and evaluation. BMC Health Services Research, 4:36

Why are Military Takeovers so Frequent in Postcolonial African Politics

For many years, the African continent has been a center for political unrest. Much of that political unrest is blamed on the extended period of European colonization that the continent was forced to endure. Because of ethnic differences, natural resources, and ineffective governments, Africa has been subject to many military takeovers in the postcolonial period. Military takeovers are not unique to Africa. Like of many similar countries, the developing countries in Africa are naturally more susceptible to coup d’Ã ©tats than their developed counterparts. The perfect storm of economic and social inequities, coupled with the inability to provide for the basic necessities of its citizens often results in a regime change through any means necessary. Military coups are typically not beneficial to the citizens, however; the combination of these factors makes the idea of regime change appealing and as a consequence the prospects of a military takeover are augmented. Unlike other regions, Africa displays an even higher rate of governmental turnover. In fact, since gaining independence, the majority of the 54 African countries have experience a military takeover. Much of the plight of Africa was determined by its colonization. Almost all of the African was under European colonization at some point. In fact, only two countries on the continent did not experience colonization, Ethiopia and Liberia. While colonization effectively ended about 50 years ago, the effects of colonization are still visible on the continent. One of the main reasons for political instability in Africa is a result of a lack of unity within nations. Traditional African society was based on tribal affiliations. The relationship between two African tribes was som... ... stable, most African governments appear to be trying to become better. In the future, African governments may be able to avoid the military interventions that hinder their development. Works Cited "Divide and Conquer, A European Legacy in Africa." ÂÂ » The Corkonian Anthropologist. Web. 17 Apr. 2012. . Jenkins, J. C., and Augustine J. Kposowa. "The Political Origins of African Military Coups: Ethnic Competition, Military Centrality, and the Struggle over the Postcolonial State." International Studies Quarterly 36.3 (1992): 271-91. Print. Johnson, Thomas H., and Robert O. Slater. "Explaining African Military Coups D'Etat, 1960-1982." The American Political Science Review 78.3 (1984): 622-40. Print. Wood, Ethel. AP Comparative Government and Politics. Reading, Penn.: Woodyard Publications, 2009. Print.

Gene Therapy Regualtion :: Science Genetics Essays

Gene Therapy Regualtion Gene therapy techniques are a rapidly growing area of interest and concern. Gene therapy technologies will have great impacts on how deal with medical problems and perhaps even on how we live our lives. Yes, gene therapy is something that will probab ly impact your life in one form or another. There are many issues discussed related to this topic, one of which is regulation. Who should regulate this research and to what extent should it be regulated? The following essay addresses the later question . This essay will explain what gene therapy is, how it is regulated, and will discuss the philosophies on how it should be regulated. Who ultimately decides the uses of gene therapy, and will those making these decisions keep your interests in mind? It is in the best interests of everyone that society develop proactive means of regulating gene therapy to maximize benefits and minimize the risks. Human gene therapy is one of the newest advances bridging science and medicine in our modern world. In the most basic sense, it involves changing the genetic composition of certain cells in the human to correct a "defect" in the genetic code that is c ausing undesirable characteristics such as a disease. A person's genetic code is responsible for coding proteins which constitutes our physical makeup. A single alteration to this code can result in a lethal disease. In gene therapy, genes with the cor rect code are inserted into the cell. The method of choice to insert desired genes into human cells is through a virus vector in which the virus inserts modified DNA to replace the DNA that is causing the genetic problem (Coutts). Once the DNA is in th e cell, it can code for the desired protein needed to make the patient well. If the cells that are treated in your body are not reproductive cells, this type of gene therapy is called somatic cell therapy. This technique means it only affec ts those trea ted cells and will not be a genetic trait passed on to future generations. In somatic gene therapy, treatments often have to be conducted every couple of months because cells continually are being replaced in the body. Germ-line therapy is a procedure in which reproductive cells are altered. This results in future generations that carry this same alteration. Much debate over gene therapy has erupted as scientific advances have brought this technology to the application phase.

Depression vs Recession – Difference and Comparison Diffen

Depression vs Recession Diffen †º Economics In economics, the words recession and depression are used to refer to economic downturns. One could say that while a recession refers to the economy â€Å"falling down,† a depression is a matter of â€Å"not being able to get up. † Comparison chart Improve this chart Frequency: Depression Infrequent (approximately once in a generation). 3 notable depressions Great Depression in 1930s, Long Depression from 1870s-1890s, panic of 1837. No official definition. A severe recession with a 10% decline in GDP is usually called a depression.Recession Frequent. The National Bureau of Economic Research has identified 10 recessions. (http://bit. ly/acM3VJ) Definition: An economic contraction when GDP declines for two consecutive quarters is usually called a recession. Ads by Google Recession Depression US Recession Economics GDP Contents 1 Difference between definition of recession and depression 1. 1 Definition of Recession 1. 2 Defi nition of Depression 2 Characteristics of a Recession vs. Depression 3 Related Articles 4 References Difference between definition of recession and depressionDefinition of Recession A recession is a contraction phase of the business cycle. The U. S. based National Bureau of Economic Research (NBER) defines a recession more broadly as â€Å"a significant decline in economic activity spread across the economy, lasting more than a few months, normally visible in real GDP, real income, employment, industrial production, and wholesale-retail sales. † American newspapers often quote the rule of thumb that a recession occurs when real gross domestic product (GDP) growth is negative for two or more consecutive quarters.This measure fails to register several official (NBER defined) US recessions. Definition of Depression A depression refers to a sustained downturn in one or more national economies. It is more severe than a recession (which is seen as a normal downturn in the business cycle). There is no official definition for a depression, even though some have been proposed. In the United States the National Bureau of Economic Research determines contractions and expansions in the business cycle, but does not declare depressions.A GDP decline of such magnitude has not happened in the United States since the 1930s. Characteristics of a Recession vs. Depression The attributes of a recession include declines in coincident measures of overall economic activity such as employment, investment, and corporate profits. Recessions are the result of falling demand and may be associated with falling prices (deflation), or sharply rising prices (inflation) or a combination of rising prices and stagnant economic growth (stagflation).A common rule of thumb for recession is two quarters of negative GDP growth. The corresponding rule of thumb for a depression is a 10 percent decline in gross domestic product (GDP). Considered a rare but extreme form of recession, a depression is characterized by â€Å"unusual† increases in unemployment, restriction of credit, shrinking output and investment, price deflation or hyperinflation, numerous bankruptcies, reduced amounts of trade and commerce, as well as highly volatile/erratic relative currency value fluctuations, mostly devaluations.Generally periods labeled depressions are marked by a substantial and sustained shortfall of the ability to purchase goods relative to the amount that could be produced given current resources and technology (potential output). A devastating breakdown of an economy (essentially, a severe depression, or hyperinflation, depending on the circumstances) is called economic collapse. Related Articles GDP vs GNP Monetary Policy vs Fiscal Policy Nominal GDP vs Real GDP American Economy vs Canadian Economy 9/3/12 Depression vs Recession – Difference and Comparison | Diffen Economic Development vs Economic GrowthReferences http://en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Recession (retrieved on October 12, 2008) http://en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Depression_(economics) (retrieved on October 12, 2008) The Economist – Diagnosing Depression Comments: Depression vs Recession Add a comment†¦ Comment using†¦ Omar Ngodan Secka  · Group Head, Real Estate Marketing at AGIB LTD wonderful explaination Reply  · Like  · August 13 at 6:08am Abdulkader Sa'ed M'oud  · Amoud University prolonged recession is known as depression. Reply  · 1  · Like  · May 8 at 3:07amAmmar Kamran  · ICMAP owesome Reply  · Like  · June 14 at 11:45pm Mohammad Asad  · Lecturer at Kardan Institute of Higher Education recession is for short period of time and its affects can on one economy and depression on the other hand have longlasting affects on more than one economies. Reply  · 1  · Like  · April 8 at 12:33am Saroj Dhal  · Works at Shoppers Stop contineously and consistency down of market condition that is known as depression. Reply  · 1  · Like  · February 2 3 at 7:19am Anonymous comments There are no anonymous comments yet for Depression vs. Recession. Comment anonymously www. diffen. com/difference/Depression_vs_Recession 2/2

Complexometric Determination Essay

introductionUsing a Lewis base nonsubjective molecule to donate electron duplicates (ligands) to a Lewis acid coat ion centre to piddle a single cluster ( mixed) ion. When the interlocking ions forms with a surface ion (chelation) the ligand intentd is called the (chelating constituent). EDTA acts as a great chelating broker ascribable to the Nitrogen and Oxygen donating an electron pair to the metallic element ion center to form an octahedral complex. The metal ions especially with a +2 complaint or higher argon the think for urine rigour to form on various objects known as wish-wash. Calcium ions be typically the close to common contributing factor for piss hardness so this investigate uses CaCO3 (Calcium Carbonate) to contemplate the hardness of an occult audition.A crustal plate of weewee hardness identifies soft water system with a cling to slight than 60 ppm (parts per million) and hard water with a value more than 200 ppm. 3 mL of ammonia water/amm onium chloride damp (pH 10) is gibeed to the mixture prior to the titration to capture the calcium metal ions so the indicator can grow properly. The experiment totals 4 switchs of Eriochrome baleful T as the indicator to visually distinguish the colourise change as complexes are formed and the outcome undergoes chelation of metal impurities.The vividness change from indicator starts as knap and changes to a purplish accordingly brighten blue colour in to signify the chemic phase changes throughout the answer until the demolitionpoint. 3 titrations are experimentally conducted to approximate the esteem ordinary of the Na2 EDTA for experimental accuracy. The EDTA mean average is then used to calculate the water hardness of an hidden water audition (97) using 3 more titrations to calculate a mean average of the unknown water prototype. An absolute deviation is measured for individually titration experiment to calculate the experimental estimated precision . The final experimental result is then compared to the city of Tempe standard for water hardness and acceptable standards.Principle(Spurlock, 2014)(Spurlock, 2014)A complex ion is an ion containing a central metal cation bonded to ane or more molecules or ions (Chang, 2013). on the dot like complex ions, a ligand is a molecule or ion that is bonded to the metal ion in a complex ion (Chang, 2013). A chelating agent is a substance that forms complex ions with metal ions in a upshot (Chang, 2013). The branch of the chelating agent forming is called chelation. E.D.T.A. (ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid) is a common chelating agent that bequeath be used in this experiment to chelate the metal ions. Tetraamminecopper (II) Cu(NH3)42+ will be the complex ion in this laboratory experiment. In chapter 11.1-3 the Kinetic Molecular hypothesis is being tested in this experiment (Chang, 2013). Solids are weightyr than crystallines and allow very poor empty space to exist betwixt molecu les limiting the freedom of motion. The runnys are less dense than solids, held closely together with teensy-weensy space surrounded by molecules (less than solids), however, the molecules in liquid do not break absent from the attractive forces allowing them to move past each other freely.Gases are the least dense and have the largest amount of distance between molecules allowing them to move around more freely. agree to the theory, the experimental Carbon, Hydrogen, Nitrogen and Oxygen ions are able to quickly attract and go on the metal ion in the liquid by donating their electron pair to the metal ion center creating the complex. These complex ions in the experiment use intermolecular and intramolecular forces to break and subscribe chemical substance bonds thru the experimental figure out of chelation to tell the hardness of the unknown sample. After the reaction is complete, when evaporation and or vaporization of the liquid and gas in the molecules is separated the s tay metal impurities known as scum are left.In chapter 4.1 hydration is used to point the negative rods of the diatomic gases to the positive pole of the Hydrogen and metal impurities in the solving creation the complex cluster. Chapter 4 is as well as used for titration of redox reactions using a standard solution (Na2 EDTA) to add into other(prenominal) solution of unknown concentration (unknown sample + ammonia/ammoniumchloride cowcatcher + Eriochrome shadowy T) until the equivalence point is reached (has fully reacted) as visually identified by the indicators (Eriochrome melanise T) from the comment change of pink to reddish blue to blue.Procedure1. Prepare somewhat 500mL of virtually 0.004M disodium EDTA solution. To prepare your solution, weigh out 0.7-0.8g of Na2EDTA and free in nigh 500mL deionized water in your plastic bottle. Seal the bottle and shingle vigorously for a few proceeding to dissolve the salt. 2. Standardize the Na2EDTA solution using a stress c alcium ion solution as the primary standard a. make use of a 10-mL transfer pipet to add 10.00 mL of standardized calcium ion stock solution (1.000g CaCO3/L solution) to a 250-mL Erlenmeyer flask. b. gibe about 30 ml of deionized water to this titration flask. c. amplify a magnetic stir-bar, stupefy on a magnetic stirrer and dismount move. A piece of white paper under the flask gives unspoilt contrast for easier detection of the indicator color change. d. Inside the fume hood, add about 3mL of ammonia/ammonium chloride buffer (pH 10).The buffer is an inhalation irritant. reprimand for 30 seconds. e. only prior to titrating the flask, add four drops of Eriochrome disconsolate T indicator solution. Continue stirring for another 30 seconds and then titrate this solution with your disodium EDTA solution within 15 minutes. f. Slow down your titration near the endpoint, as the color change takes 3-5 seconds to develop. At the end point, the color changes from pink to violet to blue. If you timber unsure whether youve reached your endpoint, read and record the gaudiness delivered and then add another drop of titrant to check for a complete color change. g. Repeat this titration two more times. sum up the molarity of your disodium EDTA from each titration. Average your molarities from the deuce-ace trials and calculate your precision. 3. Choose one vigilant unknown water sample as provided. Record the unknown code in your notebook, then titrate this water sample with your standardized disodium EDTA solution a. Transfer 25.00mL of the vigilant water sample to a 250-mL Erlenmeyer flask. b. Add about 20ml of DI water to the titration flask.c. Add a magnetic stir-bar. Place the flask on a magnetic stirrer and begin stirring. d. Inside the fume hood, add about 3mL of ammonia/ammonium chloride buffer (pH 10). Stir for 30 seconds. e. Just prior to titrating,add four drops of Eriochrome Black T indicator solution to your flask. Continue stirring for another 3 0 seconds and then titrate this solution with your standardized disodium EDTA solution within 15 minutes. f. Repeat this titration twice more. Calculate the hardness (mg CaCO3/L) of the prepared water sample from each of your titrations. Calculate your average hardness and your experimental precision from the three trials. 4. Compare your results to the anticipate range for municipal water hardness. view your citys water timbre lab website (e.g. http//www.tempe.gov/waterquality/typical_values.htm) (Complexometric Determination of Water insensibility Lab, n.d.).ObservationsUpon adding the preparing the Na2EDTA solution the Na2EDTA solid was quickly dissolve into the DI water to create a pull ahead solution. Later on in the physical process stage of adding the ammonia/ammonium chloride buffer into the 250 mL flask, a visual chemical reaction was observed as the ammonia buffer was mixing into the flask with CaCO3 and the unknown solution in both procedures. Upon adding the Erioch rome Black T indicator the color was visually changed from clear to light pink in both procedures. During titration of both procedures the visual color change was observed from light guileless pink to see-through violet when the process was close to ending, then from see-through violet to see-through light blue planetary house then end of the reaction process.

Best Story

Today is my first day at the UniKL City Campus. After the registration school term at the multipurpose Hall, I drive to go to the Male order and subsequently on to the Administrative edifice. So, I asked unmatched of the security guards on duty the management to both places. He explained to me the routes to the Male Hostel and the Administrative Building. First, from the guard Post 1, I must(prenominal) go straight and looseness leftover into Jalan Teknologi. indeed, I need go straight until I base multipurpose Hall at my left and at the continuative I must revoke left into Jalan Teknikal. After that, I must go straight until I prepare the classroom and laboratory at my left and upset left into subatomic course of study at the end of classroom building. Then I need to turn overcompensate to park my car at bookman park battleground and I go forth found the Male Hostel in front of the student parking area but I need to pamper restricted area.After I check-out proc edure in at Male Hostel, I need to go to Administrative Building to settle out my document. From student parking area, I need to turn to small path and turn estimable into Jalan Teknikal. Then, I must going straight and turn right at the end of Jalan Teknikal into Jalan Teknologi. Then, I must take the first junction and I will found Multipurpose Hall at my left. When I spark off to in front, I will found the classroom and laboratory at my right and the Administrative Building at my left.