Renewable Energy Biodiesiel Essay - 1417 Words

Fuels have dominated the way the world operates for decades; with a rising demand for fuel becoming constantly more predominant. Their uses are vast, making them versatile and in high demand around the world. But since most common fuels like diesel and petrol are fossil fuels, the availability of such fuels is decreasing rapidly. Hence alternatives to these fuels are being developed and used worldwide. These alternatives include biofuels. Biofuels are defined as â€Å"a hydrocarbon that is made BY or FROM a living organism that we humans can use to power something.† (biofuel.org.uk, 2010) Most biofuels are made using forms of biomass, including algae, sugar cane, seeds, oil, fats etc. (biofuel.org.uk, 2010) Biodiesel is a biofuel alternative to†¦show more content†¦(biofuel.org.uk, 2010) Combustion ensues when a fuel is reacted with air. Complete combustion occurs when all of the bonds in a molecule are broken, releasing the maximum amount of energy. Complete combusti on is referred to as the excess. However, in reality this rarely occurs. Incomplete combustion ensues when there is a reduced amount of oxygen available - hence not all of the bonds are broken. Incomplete combustion is referred to as the limiting. (BBC, 2014) Figure 1 – Endothermic and Exothermic Reactions Source: (Beychok, 2012) Heat of formation measures the theoretical amount of energy released in reaction. (Helmenstine, 2014) It is calculated using the formula on the screen. Heat of combustion measures the experimental amount of energy released in a reaction. (Oliver, 2014) It can be calculated using the formula on the screen. The heat of formation of dodecane (C12H26) – traditional diesel – was calculated for the complete combustion to equal: ΔHf = 154.8798KJ/g The heat of combustion of dodecane (C12H26) – traditional diesel – was calculated for the complete combustion to equal: ΔHc = 87.95KJ/g The heat of formation of dodecane (C12H26) – traditional diesel – was calculated for the incomplete combustion to equal: ΔHf = 91.6KJ/g The heat of combustion of dodecane (C12H26) – traditional diesel – was calculated for the incomplete combustion to equal: ΔHc = 48.71KJ/g The energy released in the

Essay on change - 1184 Words

‘If there is no struggle, there is no change’ To guarantee a wholesome, enriching experience of change in the individual it is vital to accept struggle. Facing the struggle can test relationships, introduce unclear perception of ones identity and produce unpredictable situations; though change must be able to transpire to truly create complete development in the individual. Director Ron Howard discovers the unique mind that takes root inside the individual, by overcoming the cruel affects schizophrenia causes and instead welcoming positive change in his film ‘A Beautiful Mind’ (2001). Likewise S.E Hinton reveals the ability of humankind to move forward within erratic moments, deal with rebellion in optimistic ways and embrace new†¦show more content†¦The way we deal with this hopelessness shapes our characteristics, subsequently shaping how we cope with struggle. Change is a purely inevitable process that continuously affects all humankind. The way we deal with this active process carves who we are as people; and how we accept different obstacles, in either positive or negative methods. Hinton arouses a compelling sense of change through investigation of the individual’s identity, Ponyboy, who through visual imagery harmonized with the dejected mood of the persona ‘then there was Soda n’ Darry, all the family I got’ forms a bleak, defenseless sensual image of a tense home life environment, where the unkindest struggle occurs, trying to discover himself rather than being labeled. Extending on, analogy of ‘the soc’s sippin’ on drink’ compared with ‘greasers drippin’ with blood’ shows the comparison between the two social classes, the rich soc’s and the underprivileged greasers’ and how being positioned in a category; just as Howard has placed Nash is into un iversity for the first time, separated by other students, leaving both individuals feeling abandoned, unwelcomed and frail. 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Public Speaking Practice and Ethics free essay sample

It is the perfect balance. The continuous laughter and flow of the class makes everybody want to be there, pay attention and surprisingly enjoy each class. Another aspect that strengthens the class is the unity of the class. Everyone is friendly with each other. Not only do we all know each others names but everyones nickname. This is very important because this helps tremendously with people feeling more comfortable about giving a speech in front of the class and not being as nervous. I believe there has been improvement in everyone from the first speech to the second.After watching classmates speak, it is the best way to realize things you should or shouldnt do. Things Like visuals, tone of voice, telling, stance, gestures, etc. For example, when someone says um a lot or sways back and forth, you make a note in your head not to do the same. We will write a custom essay sample on Public Speaking Practice and Ethics or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Responding to the speeches is also beneficial so you can remember what to do or not to do next time. I have learned many great aspects about public speaking and how to give a great speech. My career after graduate Is teaching and I have learned many points that will help me every day in my future.Something I never thought about prior to this class is the importance of visuals. I will remember to use visuals and make it appropriate for the age of children I will be teaching. I am happy I was required to take this class. It Is a general requirement that actually makes sense with my major. So far through out this class some of the things I learned about giving a speech is to try not to do anything distracting while speaking, the significance of using assistants, the importance of visuals and to make visuals easy to read and limit words to one or two lines.It Is vital have a grabbing opening and closing too speech to make it more interesting and to make the audience listen. Ive also learned to make eye contact with everyone and to avoid looking at notepads or the screen. It is significant to vary the tone of voice and use gestures. These are Just some of the points Vive learned to do while giving a speech to keep the audience captivated and Involved.

Policing and Accountability free essay sample

A look at the police structure and the way it functions in the United States. This paper examines how maintaining local control over the activities of police is thought to be the most effective way of avoiding unpleasant circumstances, particularly those pertaining to abuse. The paper discusses the growing pressure on the police to forgo its so-called autonomy and argues that this form of control over the police force leads to inefficiency and causes an inferior quality of police service with regard to racial, ethnic and religious minorities. The current methods of holding the police accountable for their activities include absolute control of the mayor or the head of the region over the police agency that exists within his jurisdiction. Most police agencies today are headed by a single administrator with a number of Boards and organizational bodies that seek to maintain control over the police and hold it accountable for any unscrupulous and suspect activities. We will write a custom essay sample on Policing and Accountability or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page The main reason for maintaining such control is because previously the police enjoyed unchecked power and protection from those with political clout and influence. Such members of the community in fact used the police to curry favors and harass those who were their enemies (i.e. during the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries). As a direct result of this corruption in police agencies was widespread and the people in fact needed protection from the police itself. This led to the establishment of the famous Wickersham Commission that published its findings based on the thorough investigation of police operations in 1931. Through a process of gradual evolution methods of accountability were developed to control the activities of the police to a great extent.

Free Essays on Japan Culture

Japan, which is located in the Pacific Ocean off the coast of the Asian Continent, is a nation composed of almost 7,000 islands, many are small. The four main islands are Hokkaido, Honshu, Shikoku, and Kyushu. Japan has the seventh largest population in the world. With approximately 125 million inhabitants, the only countries with a higher population are China, India, the United States, Indonesia, and Brazil. The population which is about half of the United States, lives on only 1/25 as much total land mass, this computes to being one of the highest population densities in the world. These conditions reflect in the Japanese cultural values and their desire for being a collective society. The Japanese style of conducting business differs greatly from the western model. It has grown out of the nation’s unique history cultured philosophy. The Japanese people are isolated in an island nation’s unique history, culture, and philosophy. The island nation is under constant bombardment by the harsh forces of nature, have traditionally placed a strong emphasis on working together as a group in order to survive. Their culture is deeply influenced by Confucianism, with its rigid rules governing conduct and its emphasis on trust, consensus, and hierarchy. These ancient roots have influenced every aspect of Japanese business; from the way formal meetings are conducted to the importance placed on after-hours socializing. It has shaped a business culture in which long-term, mutually beneficial relationships are of paramount importance. By understanding and adapting to this business culture, Western executives eager to do business in Japan will be able to be enlightene d to be more productive associations with their Japanese colleagues and will increase the probability of achieving the goals of their meetings there. It is important to understand the role of the female entertainer in Japanese culture. That is why the Geisha has a specific role. ... Free Essays on Japan Culture Free Essays on Japan Culture Japan, which is located in the Pacific Ocean off the coast of the Asian Continent, is a nation composed of almost 7,000 islands, many are small. The four main islands are Hokkaido, Honshu, Shikoku, and Kyushu. Japan has the seventh largest population in the world. With approximately 125 million inhabitants, the only countries with a higher population are China, India, the United States, Indonesia, and Brazil. The population which is about half of the United States, lives on only 1/25 as much total land mass, this computes to being one of the highest population densities in the world. These conditions reflect in the Japanese cultural values and their desire for being a collective society. The Japanese style of conducting business differs greatly from the western model. It has grown out of the nation’s unique history cultured philosophy. The Japanese people are isolated in an island nation’s unique history, culture, and philosophy. The island nation is under constant bombardment by the harsh forces of nature, have traditionally placed a strong emphasis on working together as a group in order to survive. Their culture is deeply influenced by Confucianism, with its rigid rules governing conduct and its emphasis on trust, consensus, and hierarchy. These ancient roots have influenced every aspect of Japanese business; from the way formal meetings are conducted to the importance placed on after-hours socializing. It has shaped a business culture in which long-term, mutually beneficial relationships are of paramount importance. By understanding and adapting to this business culture, Western executives eager to do business in Japan will be able to be enlightene d to be more productive associations with their Japanese colleagues and will increase the probability of achieving the goals of their meetings there. It is important to understand the role of the female entertainer in Japanese culture. That is why the Geisha has a specific role. ...

Banking and Business Abbreviations for English Learners

Banking and Business Abbreviations for English Learners Its common in banking and business to use abbreviations for a wide range of specific business expressions. Youll find each expression followed by the appropriate abbreviations below. Remember that abbreviations and acronyms are used differently in English. Abbreviations are used to replace words or expressions while acronyms simply take the first letter of each word. Its true that some abbreviations are acronyms, but not all. Common Banking and Business Abbreviations Against all risks a.a.r.Account a/cAccount current A/CAccommodation ACC/ACCOMAccount acct.Actual cash value a.c.v.After date a.d.Addition/Additional add.Advise adv.Air freight bill a.f.b.Agency agcy.Agent agt.Air mail transfer a.m.t.Account of a/oAccounts payable A.P.Authority to pay A/PAccounts receivable A.R.All risks a/rArrive/Arriving arr.Arrange/Arrangement/Arranging arr/arrng.Approximate/Approximately approx.Account sales A/S, A.S.At sight a/sAs soon as possible asapAttention attn.Atomic weight at. wt.Average av.Actual weight a/wAir waybill a.w.b.Balance bal.Barrel bar.Barrel bbl.Brought down b/dBill of exchange B/E, b/eBrought forward b/fBefore bfor.Bill of health B.H.Bank bk.Brokerage bkge.Bill of lading B/LBrought over b/oBills payable B.P.By procuration b.p.Bills receivable B.R.Balance sheet B/SBerth terms b.t.Bushel bu.Book value B/VCirca: centaire ca.Chartered accountant C.A. Current account c.a.Cash against documents C.A.D.Cash book C.B.Cash before delivery C.B.D.Carbon copy c.c.Carried down c/dCum dividend c.d.Carried forward c/fCompare cfCost and freight c fClearing house C/HCustom house C.H.Charges forward ch. fwd.Charges paid ch. pd.Charges prepaid ch. ppd.Cheque, check chq.Cost, insurance, freight c. i. f.Cost, insurance, freight and commission c.i.f. c.Cost, insurance, freight, and interest c.i.f. i.Car load c.l.Call of more C/mCredit note C/NCare of c/oCompany co.Cash on delivery C.O.D.Commission comm.Corporation corp.Cash on shipment C.O.S.Carriage paid C.P.Charter party C/PCharters pay duties c.p.d.Corporation cpn.Credit; creditor cr.Cable transfer C/TConstructive total loss c.t.l.Constructive total loss only c.t.l.o.Cumulative cum.Cum dividend cum div.Cumulative preference cum. pref.Commercial weight c/wCash with order C.W.O.Hundredweight cwt.Documents against acceptance; deposit account D/A Documents against payment DAPDebenture db.Deferred def.Department dept.Dead freight d.f.Draft dft.Draft attached dtf/a.Clean draft dft/c.Discount disc.Dividend div.Dayletter DLDaily letter telegram DLTDebit note D/NDelivery order D/ODitto do.Dozen doz.Documents against payment D/PDebtor dr.Doctor Dr.Days after sight d/s, d.s.Deadweight d.w.Dock warrant D/WPennyweight dwt.Dozen dz.European Currency Unit ECUEast European Time E.E.T.For example e.g.Enclosure encl.Endorsement end.Errors and omissions excepted E. O.E.End of month e.o.m.Except otherwise herein provided e.o.h.p.Especially esp.Esquire Esq.Established est.Out exex coupon ex cp.Ex dividend ex div.ex interest ex. int.ex new (shares) ex h.ex store ex stre.ex wharf ex whf.Free of all average f.a.a.Fast as can f.a.c.Freight all kinds f.a.k.Fair average quality; free alongside quay f.a.q.Frequently asked questions F.a.q.Free alongside ship f.a.s. For cash f/cFree of capture and seizure f.c. s.Free of capture, seizure, riots, and civil commotion f.c.s.r. c.c.Free delivery to dock F.D.Free discharge f.d.Following; folios ff.Free of general average f.g.a.Free in bunker f.i.b.Free in and out f.i.o.Free in truck f.i.t.Free on board f.o.b.Free of charge f.o.c.Free of damage f.o.d.Following; folio fol.Free on quay f.o.q.Free on rail f.o.r.Free on streamer f.o.s.Free on truck(s) f.o.t.Free on wagons; free on wharf f.o.w.Floating policy F.P.Fully paid f.p.Free of particular average f.p.a.Freight frt.Freight paid frt. pd.Freight prepaid frt. ppd.Freight forward frt. fwd.Foot ft.Forward fwd.Foreign exchange f.x.General average g.a.Goods in bad order g.b.o.Good merchantable brand g.m.b.Good merchantable quality g.m.q.Greenwich Mean Time G.M.T.Gross national product GNPGood ordinary brand g.o.b.Gross gr.Gross register ton GRTGross weight gr. wt.Gross tonnage GT Home consumption h.c.Height hgt.Hogshead hhd.Head office H.O.Hire purchase H.P.Horsepower HPHeight ht.Integrated data processing IDPThat is i.e.Insufficient funds I/FIndicated horsepower i.h.p.Import imp.Incorporated Inc.Inclusive incl.Interest int.Invoice inv.I owe you I.O.U.Joint account J/A, j.a.Junior Jr.Kilovolt KVKilowat KWKilowatt hour KWhLetter of credit L/C, l.c.Telegram in the language of the country of destination LCDTelegram in the language of the country of origin LCOLanding; loading ldg.Long ton l.t.Limited Ltd.Long ton l. tn.Month m.My account m/aMaximum max.Memorandum of deposit M.D.Months after date M/D, m.d.Memorandum memo.Plural of Mr. Messrs.Manufacturer mfr.Minimum min.Minimum lending rate MLRMoney order M.O.My order m.o.Mortgage mortg.Months after payment M/P, m.p.Mates receipt M/RMonths sight M/S, m.s.Mail transfer M.T.Making-up price M/UName; noiminal n.No account n/a No advice N/ANo commercial value n.c.v.No date n.d.Not elsewhere specified n.e.s.No funds N/FNight letter NLNo noting N/NNo orders N/ONumber no.Not otherwise enumerated n.o.e.Numbers nos.No par value NPVNumber nr.Net register ton n.r.t.Not sufficient funds N/SNot sufficient funds NSFNet weight n. wt.On account o/aOverseas common point OCPOn demand; overdraft O/D, o/dOmissions excepted o.e.Overhead o/hOr nearest offer ono.Order of O/oOpen policy O.P.Out of print; overproof o.p.Owners risk O/R, o.r.Order, ordinary ord.Out of stock O.S., o/sOvertime OTPage; per: premium p.Particular average: per annum P.A., p.a.Power of attorney; private account P/APhase alternation line PALPatent-pending pat. pend.Pay as you earn PAYEPetty cash p/cPecent; price current p.c.Parcel pcl.Paid pd.Preferred pf.Package pkg.Profit and loss P/LPartial loss p.l.Promissory note P/NPost office; postal order P.O.Post office box P.O.B. Post office order P.O.O.Pay on return p.o.r.Pages pp.Postage and packing p pPer procuration p. proPrepaid ppd.Prompt ppt.Preference pref.Proximo prox.Postscript P.S.Payment pt.Please turn over P.T.O., p.t.o.Partly paid ptly. pd.Par value p.v.Quality qulty.Quantity qty.Riot and civil commotions r. c.c.Refer to drawer R/DRunning down clause R.D.C.In regard to   reReceived; receipt rec.Received recd.Redeemable red.Reference ref.Registered reg.Returned retd.Revenue rev.Refused on delivery   R.O.D.Reply paid R.P.Revolutions per second r.p.s.Please reply RSVPRight side up with care R.S.W.C.Railway RyStamped addressed envelope s.a.e.Stock at valuation S.A.V.Sea damaged S/DSight draft S/D, s.d.Without date s.d.Special drawing rights SDRSigned sgd.Sundays and holidays excepted s. h. exShipment shipt.Signature sig.Sue and labor clause S/LC, s l.c.Shiping note S/NSellers option s.o.Standard operating procedure s.o.p. Spot spt.Senior Sr.Steamship S.S., s.s.Short ton s.t.Sterling ster.Stock exchange St. Ex.Sterling stg.Sub voce s.v.Telegraphic address T.A.Trial balance T.B.Telephone tel.Temporary secretary temp.Total loss T.L., t.l.Total loss only T.L.O.Multiple telegram TMTurn over T.O.Transfer tr.Telegram to be called for TRTrust receipt TR, T/RTelegraphic transfer (cable) TT, T.T.Telex TXUrgent UGTUnder separate cover u.s.c.Underwriters U/wsVolt v.Value val.Value-added tax v.a.t.Very good vg.Very high frequency VHFVery highly recommended v.h.r.Wat w.With average WAWaybill W.B.Without charge w.c.West European Time W.E.T.Weight guaranteed wg.Warehouse whse.With other goods w.o.g.Weather permitting; without prejudice W.P.With particular average w.p.a.War risk W.R.Warehouse receipt W/R, wr.Weather working day W.W.D.Weight wt.ex coupon x.c.ex dividend x.d.ex interest x.i.ex new shares x.n.Year y.Yard yd. Year yr.Yearly yrly.

Race and Community Personal Statement Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Race and Community - Personal Statement Example Racism in the United States of America, in my opinion, is not something that should surprise anybody. It is not because of any kind of ignorance of the government, it is because of the wide variety of people who inhabit this side of the world. When collection of this kind of variety is brought into a conflict, they are bound to form schemas and mental shortcuts that end up depicting in racial attitude towards certain race and community. Racism against many communities such as the African Americans was first evident in the political and law making bodies previously before the human rights associations intervened. It is now condemned on all levels; however, still practiced on many. Over the years, events have occurred, that have helped fuel the fury of racism in the minds and hearts of people all around the world. The situation is not different in the United States which boasts a sound political and culturally balanced system; a country that welcomes everybody. Since the acts of terrorism have been successful in creating a sense of terror in everybody around the world, the acts portraying racism against certain classes have aggravated. I, being a Muslim, can relate to the feeling of differentiation along the social and ethnic lines. Proud to be an American, I have also faced various racial interactions over my life. I have lived in this country for more than 10 years now; migrated here when I was 10 years old. Therefore, I have been fully exposed to the difference in attitudes of fellow American before and after the 9/11. The traumatic turn of events have altered the mind sets of the common American towards certain races and classes and sadly, my race is one of them. Even after being in a foreign country, I have been following the rules and guidance that Islam has prescribed about the wearing 'Hijab'. For those who don't know the exact interpretation, it has its tangible and intangible aspects. The tangible aspects are covering the parts of the body including the hair, that make a women look beautiful in the eyes of others. The intangible part extends to the fact that with the covering should accompany the morality, modesty and privacy. Post the 9/11 events, I did not face many problems; did not feel eyes following me wherever I went, be it a restaurant or my educational institution. I can call myself a modern Muslim girl, who under the limits prescribed by the 'hijab', wore western clothes such as jeans and t-shirts which were considered taboo by many in my society. However, my community had always been very supportive of it. Many Muslim residing in my vicinity did follow hijab, a considerable number did not. As the Indians and Sikhs are also be longing from the same geographical location South Asia, without the hijab, we all looked the same. We congregated, celebrated our differences with great fervor. The Hindus celebrated the Eid with us; the Diwali was equally celebrated by all. This behavior was not confined to members of our community. We had almost Black Americans, Hispanics; all integrating and celebrating different occasions relating to the various back grounds that we were related too.9/11 changes the scenario of the world; the way people thought about others changed, the way people interacted changed, everything changed. This might sound a little clich but my friends outside the circle of Islam posed questioning looks at me about my dressing, their behavior towards me

Attraction and Mate Selection Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Attraction and Mate Selection - Essay Example Grochowski, 2006). No society encourages its members to select spouse with complete freedom. Moreover the problem with the kin marriage is that it can lead to undesirable genetic consequences in offspring which increases the chances of death before they even grow up. Exogamy is influenced by factors such as size, diversity and sex ratio of the community; it is thought that marriage is an institution that functions to preserve race, class, education and social distinction. The society in which a person lives determines its mate selection; some societies consider people who are related by birth and some consider people who live together in same households, other societies by adoption, marriage or clan. Wikes et al. further states that, in most of the societies a person marries outside one's nuclear family (exogamy) but is encouraged to marry to a member of one's own class, race or religion (endogamy). Thus exogamous group is small and endogamous group is large. In some societies both t hese groups can be equal too as when they are divided into clans and lineages. (2006) Sociological factors also play their part in mate selection. Looking at the homogamy theory, which supports the idea that like is attracted to like, thus people are more likely to choose a mate who is similar to them in many dimensions. "Homogamy theory states that people select mates who are like them in physical characteristics such as height and weight and psychological characteristics including intelligence, interest, attitude, values and personality" (Daniel T. Gilbert, Susan T. Fiske, Gardner Lindzey, 1998). In most of the families it is assumed that their children will marry within same race, status, religious affiliation and ethnic group. People usually search mates within their own race; norms with respect to race are strongly adhered to. Gilbert et al further explains that religion also plays an important part in this selection, in the orthodox, Jewish communities if the son or daughter married outside they were considered dead. People are said to be in same social class if they have similar education, occupation and occupational background. So with similar life experiences they share similar views and thus associate together in similar style of living. People prefer to marry in same socio-economic groups. Age also counts in mate selection as mostly a few years age difference is expected and the husband is considered to be older then wife in most of the societies. These are few common characteristics which people choose in making their mate selection. Psychological factors play an important part in mate selection. "The complementary needs theory states that two need are complimentary if one partners need also satisfies the need of other; for e.g. one enjoys being submissive and other dominant" (Chris Segrin, Jeanne Flora, 2005). The complimentary interaction between the two partners increases their attractiveness to each

Narrative of the Life of Frederick Douglass Essay Example for Free

Narrative of the Life of Frederick Douglass Essay In the book, Narrative of the Life of Frederick Douglass, an American Slave, Douglass chronicles his slave life during the mid 1800s. By informing his readership of the realities and cruelties of slavery, Douglass’ seeks to persuade Northerners to become involved in the abolitionist movement. He accomplishes this purpose by delivering his message throughout the entirety of the book slavery is harmful to all participants – with the effective utilization of ethos, logos, and pathos. The trio works to support his thesis, and this support therefore aids Douglass’ overall purpose. Although each of the argumentative devices is effective, the most powerful component is pathos, which is a quality that evokes pity or sadness. Unlike ethos or logos, pathos speaks directly to the readers, in this case the North, and profoundly influences their emotions and thoughts on the issue of slavery. Therefore, pathos is the most effective strategy in Douglass’ narrative because it accomplishes the author’s purpose by sufficiently delivering his message, through the manipulation of emotions to Northern readers. Ethos is without a doubt an apparent strategy throughout Douglass’ narrative; in fact, the entire book is ethos. Douglass’ life was, at the time, living proof of the cruelties of slavery. He takes advantage of this fact in his narrative and describes almost every detail, being sure to leave out names whom he did not intend to offend or embarrass, and brings to reality the treatment of slaves in the 1800s. In addition, Douglass incorporates references to the Bible, often relating slaves’ lives to peoples’ lives in Biblical times. For example, â€Å"My friend Nathan Johnson (of whom I can say with a grateful heart, ‘I was hungry, and he gave me meat; I was thirsty, and he gave me drink; I was a stranger, and he took me in’).† This is a reference to Matthew 25:35, which discusses the importance of caring for others, even strangers. Douglass includes this passage to compare Nathan Johnson to a humble, selfless man that would care for anyone. Furthermore, the reference supports Douglass’ credibility as an educated man of God and a reliable non-fiction author. Just because he was once a slave, ignorant of freedom and all its blessings, including education, it did not stop him from brilliantly writing his narrative through which he sufficiently proves his credibility by means of correct grammar, references to the Bible and other highly respected pieces of literature, and the simple fact that he was once a slave and therefore contains the most reliable information. However, ethos is not the most effective strategy on his readers; it does not support his purpose or meaning as much as pathos does. Logos is also a strategy used throughout the entirety of the book, simply because it is a narrative of Douglass’ life, therefore it must be composed of non-fiction occurrences. He includes as much detail as he can, but he leaves out particular names and happenings in order to prevent embarrassment of the individual or even potential consequences. Despite his restrictions, Douglass still includes amazing thoroughness and accuracy. For example, â€Å"I left Master Thomas’s house, and went to live with Mr. Covey, on the 1st of January, 1833.† He uses three specific details in one tiny sentence, which just shows the reader his incredible memory and accuracy. Although his precision within the book is rather impressive to the Northern readers, the simple facts do not supply them with Douglass’ deeper meaning, that slavery is harmful to all participants. Rather, logos gives the readers the direct happenings of his slave life, but it does not reach out to the Northerners’ emotions, humans’ weakness and main influence to take action, to the extent pathos does. Pathos is a strategy in argument that aims to draw pity or sadness from the audience or reader, and it is often the most persuasive tool to accomplish a purpose. In Narrative of the Life of Frederick Douglass, an American Slave, Douglass uses a generous amount of pathos in order to persuade his Northern readers to become involved in the abolitionist movement. He accomplishes this purpose by including sad incidences he saw or experienced himself. For example, Douglass tells the story of his Aunt Hester being punished with a whipping, â€Å"He commenced to lay on the heavy cowskin, and soon the warm, red blood†¦came dripping to the floor. I was so terrified†¦that I hid myself in a closet.† This description of the first time he saw someone whipped is drawn out in detail purposefully; Douglass wants the reader to engage in the narrative and let his/her emotions drive them toward pity for slaves and hatred of slavery. He includes many other descriptions like this, but they all have the same purpose. Emotion drives many peoples’ actions, and Douglass wants to persuade his Northern audience to become active in the abolitionist movement by letting their emotion take over. Pathos also brings out the meaning of the essay; by explaining cruel experiences, Douglass includes proof of his meaning, that slavery is harmful to both the slave and the slaveholder. Northerners are persuaded by this meaning and affected by the traumatic incidences in the book, and are driven to involve themselves in the move to abolish slavery. Pathos is therefore the most effective strategy that encourages Northern readers to follow through with Douglass’ purpose. Douglass utilizes ethos, logos, and pathos in a brilliant way, but it is acceptable to claim that pathos had the largest effect on the readers of the North in the 1800s. While ethos and logos give the author credibility and information to discuss, pathos affects the reader directly. It becomes tiresome to hear of straightforward facts, like moving from master to master or plantation to plantation. The readers want to hear of excitement, so when Douglass talks about sad topics, it involves the reader, as well as affects their opinion of slavery. By taking advantage of pathos and the readers’ impressionable emotions, Douglass conveys his message and fulfills his purpose, and therefore, pathos is the most effective strategy in his book. Works Cited Douglass, Frederick, and Houston A. Baker. Narrative of the Life of Frederick Douglass, an American Slave. Harmondsworth, Middlesex, England: Penguin, 1982. Print.

Spirituality and The Second Coming Essay -- Second

Spirituality and The Second Coming      Ã‚  Ã‚   In his eloquent poem "The Second Coming" William Butler Yeats uses word choice and phrase combinations to convey to the reader an understanding of his sentiment of impossibility concerning the fate of spirituality for the human race. His inner conscious is spread out in the poem for the reader to either accompany him in his darkness or to turn their back and continue to believe in their own form of hopefulness in spirituality.    Yeats cleverly hints to the reader his despair in the phrase, "Turning and turning in the widening gyre" (Yeats, Longman p. 2329: 1.). The reader can hear the voice of the poet describing his journey farther and farther from his once cherished center based on religion. His beliefs have been shattered over time. According to the introduction in The Longman Anthology British Literature, "The 1890's in London were heady times for a young poet. Yeats became even more active in his studies of the occult" which was years before he wrote The Second Coming. This interest may have led the poet away from his former religious values. It is possible that because of this turn away from religion the author's basic value system may have been in turmoil at the time of writing The Second Coming.    Yeats drifting away from his religious beliefs may be evidenced in the phrase, "The falcon cannot hear the falconer" which could be interpreted as he can no longer hear the voice of his former God (Yeats, 2). The falcon in this sentence may refer to Yeats himself and the falconer may symbolize his former God. When the author writes, "the center cannot hold" he may be referring to his idea that organized religion can no longer give credence or explanation to his wor... ...s of the words written by Yeats and their possible meanings, the poetry written can surely be considered worthy of placement in the literary cannon not only for the beauty of the work then for the author's ability to raise questions for generations to come.    Works Cited Bressler, Charles E. Literary Criticism. New Jersey. Prentice Hall, 1999. Conrad, Joseph. "Heart of Darkness" The Longman Anthology British Literature. Ed. David Damrosch. Longman. New York. 2000. 2190-2246. Damrosch, David, et al., ed.   The Longman Anthology of British Literature: Vol. B.   Compact ed.   New York: Longman - Addison Wesley Longman, 2000. Scott, Paul. The Jewel in the Crown. University of Chicago Press. Chicago. 1976. Yeats, William, Butler. "The Second Coming." The Longman Anthology British Literature. Ed. David Damrosch. Longman. New York. 2000. 2329.

Influence of Shyness on Personal Development and Happiness Essay

â€Å"I have severe difficulty socializing to others†; â€Å"They think I’m unfriendly but in reality, I do want to connect to them but I don’t really know how†; â€Å"My anxiety always gets in the way, that’s why I’m painfully conscious around people†. These are some of the thoughts shared by people who are shy or those who feel uncomfortable when attention is on them because they are afraid of falling short of the standard of the superficial authority or of their perfectionist expectations on how things are supposed to be. Shyness, regarded as a personal attribute for a person, is also considered to be a psychiatric disease (Lane, 2008). This condition may vary in different degrees to what extent a person would display its symptoms, such as uneasiness and avoiding the things he fears to deal with. It could also be experienced inwardly without showing its complications to others but the one who suffers, when hiding his difficulties, could probably add worries and problems to his psychological self. Unusual situations are the common circumstances that trigger shyness. Also, the person’s environment may contribute to his shyness. If he is psychologically maltreated, there is a high risk that degree of shyness and avoidance to others would increase. But, the deeper root of shyness can be explained by genetics. There has been progress in determining suspected genes involved in personality but only a little development in confirming relationships between these. A gene-linked polymorphic region (5-HTTLPR) is examined and identified to be related with shyness (Ebstein et al. , 2003). According to WHO, embarrassment, excessive shyness, timidity, self consciousness and, social-phobia and lack of self-confidence are also symptoms of a disease called erethism. Erethism is a clinical condition in which appears in cases of mercury poisoning. Moreover, shyness is sometimes inappropriately interchanged with introversion, high sensitivity, social phobia and social anxiety disorder but is much related to the said terms in certain cases. According to Whitten (2001), introversion is not similar to shyness because introverts prefer being alone and are energized with that but they are not anxious in social situations. Unlike with them, the shy, because they fear social encounters, thinks that he has no choice but to avoid socializing which sometimes is not really where his heart at. But, there can be cases that a person would be an introvert and shy at the same time, it is when they are very sensitive to the social environment but it doesn’t matter because they get their energy within their selves not on others. Another term, in which shyness is related, is the social anxiety disorder. Its difference with shyness is, its scope is wider and it includes panic attacks. In relation to shyness, it also brings fear, apprehension or worrying about being evaluated by others in social situations that causes depression to the sufferer. Varying degrees of shyness and as to how the shy handles his trait contributes a lot on what can be the impact of shyness on the person. It is considered harmful when it has been controlling people’s lives because it brings incessant negative evaluation of the self, excessive self-consciousness and negative self-preoccupation that inhibit social confidence. In cases like that, the shyness is needed to be cured or if not, lessened because it hinders the disposition in life of some individuals. Shy people may tend to be unfriendly because they believe they lack social skills and may resort to withdrawal from people. But essentially, they desperately wanted to connect to others and wished to have as many friends as those people who are not shy have. The problem is they appear to be antisocial at times which they do not intend to be. Their socializing attitude might be the root of this one. Carducci (2000) observed that they expect others to get in touch with them and drag them out of isolation. But their efforts are also needed for starting and maintaining relationship to others. Also, being fear of negative judgement and rejection, people who are shy are likely to be afraid of socializing. From this arrangement, it could only lead to individual’s avoidance which causes isolation. Aside from emotional pain brought about by separation from others, this situation may hinder personal development which can be benefited through relation from other people. In social situations, people who are shy are driven to be self-conscious and inhibited in their actions. Perfectionist standards on social performances were set and followed by these people. For example, they tend to feel responsible of the awkwardness sometimes experienced which is not their fault at all. These worries leave room for low self-esteem and shape a negative view of the self. According to Howard (1958), self-esteem contributes a lot to a person’s ability in handling difficult situations because it helps in dealing with problems. It also gives confidence to a person which he will need in achieving his goals. But for shy people who has a high tendency of having insecurity, instead of focusing on their strengths, their weaknesses are given more attention. Acceptance of imperfections is very hard for them, not realizing that all people have vulnerability on their own such as failures, weaknesses and anxieties. Their true capabilities were just left confined and full potentials were not maximized because they were already intimidated by anticipation of failure. Moreover, shy people blame themselves for having no sense of self-efficacy due to low self-esteem. Howard (1958) defined self-efficacy as the belief in self that they can achieve their desired goals. Shy people tend to criticize and evaluate themselves inferior to others. Self-doubts are then established which promotes poor decision-making, weak judgement of things that severely affects one’s life and his disposition. Zimbardo and Radl (1982) described shy people as those who tend to behave in an inhibited manner, such as speaking less of the usual, in the presence of others. They usually hold back their feelings and opinions on certain things preventing them to express themselves. Because of nothingness to say, the shy would then tolerate silence. McMahon and McMahon (1986) told that, â€Å"†¦silence may be perceived as an indicator you do not approve of what’s going on or that you would rather be someplace else†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (p. 225) As a result, many people do no not understand them well and may cost them to miss out of opportunities for social relations. Shy people struggle and find it hard to initiate and maintain conversations. Starting a chat with somebody is usually feared and avoided by a shy person because it is either he is anxious that he has nothing to say or the topic that he will put up would disinterest the other person and that the other would badly evaluate him personally. There is a tendency for the shy to choose topic of conversations that would impress the other. And in the process of overthinking only about the topic, he would forget to be attentive to the actual thing discussed by the two of them because his mind was already drifted away. Also, a shy person is scared to have conversations that suddenly drop like a dead balloon. When this would happen, he would resort to leaving the person he talks to, because he has nothing to say, thus, leaving a bad impression to the other. Shyness can be a serious threat to communication because it brings about distractibility and may interfere thinking processing which were caused by irrelevant thinking reactions which arise from being conscious from social evaluation. Merill (1965) stated that frustration can arise in cases where there is a failure in comprehending someone’s temporary disinterest due to certain circumstances. Also, this can hinder development of essential relationship to others. Self- doubts will be triggered because of depressing situations like this. As a result, a person may tend to avoid this sort of encounter that will only lead to further alienation and despair. Sociability is a human affiliative need that is needed to be nourished. Socializing includes people skills which needs understanding the self and controlling our responses, communicating effectively and empathizing accurately, and most importantly, it provides respect, trust to relationships (Rifkin, 2009). The different benefits of social relations contribute to a healthy well-being of a person. Heider (1958, quoted in Weiss) notes that there are six basic â€Å"provisions of social relations† –the things that are given when in a relationship (p. 232). First is the attachment, the sense of being secured and comfortable which we experience through our closest relationships. Shy people do not have an issue with this one because they reveal their true self in front of people they know and know them very well such as family. Another is social integration which is the sense of having shared interests and attitudes and offers companionship and sense of belongingness to society. For this, shy people find it hard or it takes time to fit into the society due to draw backs. Next is the guidance that we grasp from friends or authorities which we lean on at times when we need an advice that most of shy people are deficient to because they lack certain relations such as relation to some authorities. Sense of reliable alliance, knowing that there are people who will offer their help when emergency arises, and opportunity for nurturance, when our sense of importance and needed is shown while taking care of others, are nurtured through closest relationships. Last is reassurance of worth, it is when others let us feel being valued and looked up to as a competent person which shyness hinders a lot. Concern for others and love we feel from them are the necessities for a person to grow and to have worthy and productive life. Without these, a person may suffer emotional depression. (Corey, 1986) Most of shy people were likely to suffer social inhibition. One reason could be the lack of social skills at the beginning of interaction: According to Merill (1965), lonely people who would like to make new friends fail because they do the wrong things during the initial and critical moments. They avoid the other’s person gaze, they do not smile and they seem tense or preoccupied with other things. All of these discourage any comment from the other person, who does not realize that this apparent unfriendliness is due to a considerable discomfort and an inability to cope with it. (p. 104) People respond negatively to others who have undesirable anxieties and depressing behaviors which turn people away. As a result, social support needed by people with negative attitudes is inadequately given. (Plotnik, 1996) Anxiety is clearly seen on the outside. The shy, having his face registered blankly or anxious, or avoiding eye contact to others, can be interpreted by others as a sign of being aloof so the shy appears to be unapproachable. Plotnik (1996) says that high self-esteem, confidence and self-worth are the benefits of social support. These things promote our physical and psychological well-being. So if social support is lacked, it results to poor mental, physical and emotional health and the shy people have a disadvantage to this. Popenoe (1977) claims that the self-identity provided by social interaction helps people learn new roles in life. It also enhances our self-image which prevents loss of self-identity that may cause emotional stress. When people discover their new roles, they tend to develop their selves and aim for the best changes to make in oneself. But, due to shyness, social interaction experienced by some is very limited that the benefits like the desired change reduced also. Shy people do not want to stay disturbed by problems related to shyness forever. That is why they discover or think of ways resolving the problems that are crippling them. The usual effect of the harmful shyness is mental distress in form of loneliness. According to Heider (1958), loneliness is a personal anxiety which is a result of certain lack in either social integration or attachment in relationship. In order to free themselves from these bothersome issues, certain strategies were reinforced by shy people. Unfortunately, for some, they employ ineffective and irresponsible strategies to overcome shyness. Examples of these are alcoholism and drug addiction. Reason of this undertaking is that they feel energized because they thought that it would be better to detach themselves from their true selves and be more outgoing which they thought most people prefer. According to James, lack of support from social connections and poor stress management contribute a lot to psychosocial deficit (2009). Disadvantages and problems associated from shyness are disturbing and bothersome. Shyness should not greatly affect one’s life and disposition in a negative way. These should have been prevented only if shyness will be cured or if not, learn its ways and have the control of it, not the other way around. However, this is a self-inflicted issue which is just within the self. Treatment for this is easy only if handled accordingly and the shy individual is properly counselled and guided by an expert.

Character Sketch of George Essay

George would not be himself if he didn’t have Lennie. George can be describe as a responsible and caring person as well as a dreamer. George is responsible not only for himself, but also for Lennie â€Å"I want you to stay with me, Lennie. Jesus Christ somebody’d shoot you for a coyote if you was by yourself. No, you stay with me. Your Aunt Clara wouldn’t like you running off by yourself, even if she is dead.† (Steinbeck, 13); Lennie said excitedly â€Å"But not us! An’ why? Because†¦ because I got you to look after me, and you got me to look after you, and that’s why.† (Steinbeck, 14) George promised Lennie’s Aunt Clara that he would take care of Lennie no matter what happened, even if he was responsible for all of Lennie’s trouble and also for Lennie’s death. He would never abandon him despite of his mental impairment even though he had the chance to. As well as George cares a lot about Lennie and even for the other guys of the ranch. George calmly admits, â€Å"I been mean ain’t I?† (Steinbeck, 12); George trying to pick up his words â€Å" Ever’body gonna be nice to you. Ain’t gonna be no more trouble. Nobody gonna hurt nobody nor steal from ‘em.†(what to put) Steinbeck writes â€Å"And George raised the gun and steadied it, and he brought the muzzle of it close to the back of Lennie’s head.† (Steinbeck, 106) George knows when he had hurt(s) Lennie’s feelings. He killed Lennie because he doesn’t want Lennie to suffer in this world anymore, because he cares. It wasn’t the best thing that he could do but he thought that it would be easier for Lennie and himself. Furthermore, George and Lennie have a plan, to buy a house, a dream that that they can call their own. It’s still the American dream today. George said convincingly to Lennie â€Å"With us it ain’t like that. We got a future. We got somebody to talk to that gives a damn about us. We don’t have to sit in bar room blowin’ our jack jus’ because we got no place else to go. If them other guys gets in jail they can rot for all anybody gives a damn. But not us†¦(another line) We’ll have a big vegetable patch and a rabbit hutch and chickens. And when it rains in the winter, we’ll just say the hell with going’ to work and we’ll build up around it an’ listen to the rain comin’ down on the roof – Nuts!† (Steinbeck, 14) George and Lennie planned what they wanted to have a long time ago, but Lennie wanted to hear it all over again. They dreamt of owning â€Å"an acre of land and a shack† to call their own. It seemed possible when they started working in the Ranch with Candy also participating, but after Lennie died, George would not have Lennie to make him all excited about their dream. And there’s no point of achieving it without Lennie because this dream made their friendship tight, made them become closer to each other, and made them think that they have a future. If Lennie wasn’t part of George’s life then George wouldn’t have a future, he’d just go to town and blow his jack each month like all the other bindle stiffs around. Often men’s plan goes awry, we should expect the unexpected.

Mercury Essays - Chemistry, Matter, Mercury Compounds, Mercury

Mercury Essays - Chemistry, Matter, Mercury Compounds, Mercury Mercury Mercurys symbol is Hg, its atomic number is 80, its atomic mass is 200.59, its in group 12 and in period 6, and it also has two valence electrons. Its standard state is liquid at 298K and it is the heaviest known elemental liquid. It has a silvery white color. It is named after the planet Mercury the origin of the symbol Hg is the Latin word hydrargyrum meaning liquid silver. Mercury was known to ancient Chinese and Hindus before 2000 B.C. and was found in tubes in Egyptian tombs dated from 1500 B.C. Mercury is the only metal liquid at ordinary temperatures. Mercury is sometimes called quicksilver. It sometimes occurs free in nature and is found mainly in cinnabar ore, which is HgS. Cinnabar ore is found in Spain and Italy. Mercury is a heavy, silvery-white metal, which forms alloys easily with many metals like gold, silver, and tin. These alloys are called amalgams. Its way of amalgamating with gold is made use of the recovery of gold from its ores. Mercury is a bad conductor of heat and an okay conductor of electricity. The most important salts are mercuric chloride HgC12 that is a corrosive and violent poison. Mercurous chloride Hg2Cl2, which used to be used in medicine. Mercury fulminate Hg(ONC)2 used as a detonator in explosives and mercuric sulfide HgS used as a high-grade paint pigment. Organic mercury compounds are important and dangerous. Methyl mercury is a lethal pollutant found in rivers and lakes. Mercury is a virulent poison and is readily absorbed through the respiratory tract, the gastrointestinal tract, or through unbroken skin. It acts as a cumulative poison since there are few pathways available to the body for its excretion. Since mercury is a very readily vaporizable element at a relatively low temperature, dangerous levels are readily attained in air. Air saturated with mercury vapor at 20C contains a concentration that exceeds the toxic limit many times. The danger increases at higher temperatures. It is therefore important that mercury be handled with care. Containers of mercury should be securely covered and spillage should be avoided. Mercury should only be handled under a well-ventilated area. Mercury is well known because of its use in many thermometers. It was common to demonstrate the formation of mercury in the laboratory by heating mercury s ulfide. This method forms the basis of commercial extraction to get mercury. The prepared cinnabar ore is heated in a current of air and the mercury vapor condensed. Bibliography 1. Mercury (element), Microsoft Encarta Online Encyclopedia 2000 http://encarta.msn.com 1997-2000 Microsoft Corporation. All rights reserved. 2. Bentor, Yinon. Chemical Element.com - Mercury. Dec. 6, 2000 . 3. Encyclopedia Britanica-Mercury Liquid Metal Volume M-R. Pages 253-260.

Marie Zakrzewska - Early Woman Medical Doctor

Marie Zakrzewska - Early Woman Medical Doctor Marie Zakrzewska Facts Known for:  established the New England Hospital for Women and Children; worked with Elizabeth Blackwell and Emily BlackwellOccupation:  physicianDates:  September 6, 1829 – May 12, 1902Also known as: Dr. Zak, Dr. Marie E. Zakrzewska, Marie Elizabeth Zakrzewska Background, Family: Mother: Caroline Fredericke Wilhelmina Urban: trained as a midwife, her mother was a veterinary surgeonFather: Ludwig Martin ZakrzewskaSiblings: Marie Zakrzewska was the eldest of six siblings Education: Berlin School for Midwives – enrolled 1849, graduated 1852Western Reserve College medical school, M.D. in 1856 Marie Zakrzewska Biography: Marie Zakrzewska was born in Germany to a family of Polish background. Her father had taken a government position in Berlin.   Marie at age 15 cared for her aunt and great-aunt.   In 1849, following her mother’s profession, she trained as a midwife at the Berlin School for Midwives at the Royal Charite Hospital.   There, she excelled, and on graduation earned a post at the school as head midwife and professor in 1852. Her appointment was opposed by many at the school, because she was a woman.   Marie left after just six months and, with a sister, moved to New York in March 1853. New York There, she lived in the German community doing piecework sewing.   Her mother and two other sisters followed Marie and her sister to America. Zakrzewska became interested in other women’s rights issue and in abolition.   William Lloyd Garrison and Wendell Phillips were friends, as were some refugees from Germany’s 1848 social upheaval. Zakrzewska met Elizabeth Blackwell in New York.   On finding out her background, Blackwell helped Zakrzewska get into Western Reserve’s medical training program. Zakrzewska graduated in 1856.   The school had admitted women into their medical program starting in 1857; the year Zakrzewska graduated, the school stopped admitting women. Dr. Zakrzewska went to New York as a resident physician, helping establish the New York Infirmary for Women and Children with Elizabeth Blackwell and her sister Emily Blackwell.   She also served as the instructor of nursing students, opened her own private practice, and at the same time served as the housekeeper for the Infirmary.   She became known to patients and staff as simply Dr. Zak. Boston When New England Female Medical College opened in Boston, Zakrzewska left New York for an appointment at the new college as professor of obstetrics.   In 1861, Zakrzewska helped to found the New England Hospital for Women and Children, staffed by women medical professionals, the second such institution, the first being the New York hospital founded by the Blackwell sisters. She was involved with the hospital until her retirement.   She worked for a time as the resident physician and also served as head nurse. She also served in administrative positions.   Through her years of association with the hospital, she also maintained a private practice. In 1872, Zakrzewska founded a nursing school associated with the hospital.   A noted graduate was Mary Eliza Mahoney, the first African American to work as a professional trained nurse in the United States. She graduated from the school in 1879. Zakrzewska shared her home with Julia Sprague, in what might have been, to use a term not used until later years, a lesbian partnership; the two shared a bedroom.   The home was also shared with Karl Heinzen and his wife and child. Heinzen was a German immigrant with political ties to radical movements. Zakrzewska retired from the hospital and her medical practice in 1899, and died May 12, 1902.

Passing data with OSI modle Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Passing data with OSI modle - Essay Example formation relayed from a computer system passes through the application layer in its system which in turn transmits the same information to the presentation layer and eventually to the session layer and so down the physical layer. The physical layer places the information in physical network radium and sent to the next computer system through the medium (Lathem 6). The physical phase in the receiving computer removes the information from the physical network medium and is received across the receiving computer system (Lathem 6). The physical layer of this computer passes the information upwards to the data link layer 2, which then passes on to the network layer 3 and so on until it reaches the application layer of the computer system. Eventually the application layer of the receiving computer system passes the information to its application program to finish the communication process (Lathem 6). Encapsulation process involves transmission of information that goes down the OSI model in the computer system in which the information originates from (Whitaker 44). The application layer which has the user interface passes data to the presentation layer and eventually to the session layer. There is extra information added by these three layers compared to the original information (Kasera 18). The new information is then passed on to the transport level in which information is broken down into smaller particles known as segments. These segments are well aligned to enable a stream of the same information to the recipient. The receiving layer receives information from the transport layer in segments that were subdivided (Whitaker 44). Network addressing and routing is done to the segments through the internet network. The data at this level includes the transport header and the upper information known as a packet (Kasera 18). The packets are added with an IP header of the network lay er then send to the Data link layer. The data link layer also transmits each packet in

History of Jazz Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 1

History of Jazz - Essay Example development into the modern jazz movement cannot be described in a linear historical model with a series of clearly separate stages because, since its inception in the 1940s, it quickly fragmented into cool and hard bop in the 1950s to the 1960s. Bebop exhibits the dynamic organic nature of jazz as it changes across three decades. It evolves from early jazz and revolts against swing, as it continues the development of modern jazz into cool and hard bop, an evolution that manifests African American innovation that reacted to American society’s oppressive socioeconomic and cultural conditions. Bebop rebels against big bands which are already declining during the 1940s as a form of struggle against racism. Several historians argue that bebop is a reaction to racism and swing’s populist ideals. Eric Porter asserts that Bebop musicians â€Å"refused† to become the entertainers of â€Å"Uncle Tom,† and wanted â€Å"to escape the stereotypes and audience expectations of the past,† while preserving an â€Å"aversion to musical boundaries.†3 Bebop is rooted in African American experiences that characterize it as an oppositional reaction against big bands, the large dance swing bands.4 Bebop music is about experimentation and technical expertise that resisted the controls of socioeconomic forces. In essence, bebop musicians did not play music primarily for making money, but for their autonomy.5 As a result, when it first came out, those who regarded themselves as â€Å"cultural gatekeepers† of white bourgeois cultural values and standards â€Å"descended† on bebop with â€Å"fanatical fury.†6 They did not like the originality and independence of bebop that reflected aggression and defiance of rigid social hierarchy through traditional musical norms. Scholars understand this negative perception of bebop from the threatened gatekeepers because changing music means changing culture and that these changes ultimately threaten the status quo of society.7 Besides rejecting

Business Plan - Universal Marketing Limited Essay

Business Plan - Universal Marketing Limited - Essay Example It is situated in New York in the United States. It is an advertising office that aids the working of the brand notoriety. The business manages offers of the drinks from the coca cola organization. The business hopes to get clients generally from the neighboring territories and from the other intrigued purchasers around the nation. The organization plans to start as a medium estimated one and falls under the deals and promoting part. A few social stages utilized as a part of the promoting so that the clients may end up noticeably mindful of the item that we are putting forth and we are relied upon to have infantrymen. There is the innovation connected in the business practice is current and is relied upon to pass by the requirements of the clients. The organization means to utilize capital of $ 100,000 which is required to procure benefit which will then be utilized to grow the business. The business is viewed as feasible on the grounds that it's situated in a region where there are numerous exercises that outcome to the need of the drinks that individuals normally consider as a frame easing themselves from thirst while others consider it to be reasonable for delight minutes. In spite of the fact that there is rivalry there is no firm that helps out the business through a deals and promoting organization as our image is relied upon to get higher number of the clients. Thusly there is high probability of the business development.

Standardized Ion Chromatograpy (IC) for Salivary Analysis

Standardized Ion Chromatograpy (IC) for Salivary Analysis According to Darvell et. al. (2004), the research is about analysis of human saliva by using ion chromatography(IC). The aim of this research is to construct out a standardized IC protocol for future salivary analysis. The samples has go through several procedures such as centrifugation to remove particulates, filtration on supernatant, and the residual droplet was removed by a paper tissue without touching it to the CFD (centrifugal filter device). This is because want to minimize the risk of back–contamination of the device. About the pretreatment, the temperature for centrifugation is set at 4Â °C which inhibit the pathogen spreading and lower the bacterial activity. The steps of pretreatment temperature, duplicate runs of the samples and recovery of known addition of standard solution are to make sure that the result obtained is reproducible and no significant different. However, the resolution has shown decrease and this may cause by the protein retained in the exchange site of column resin or the surface of suppressor. It is suggested that application of membrane ultrafiltration can minimize contamination of IC system. Besides, there are few things have to take in consideration which are pretreatment and sample dilution. If the sample pH is higher than 2-3, in pretreatment part have to avoid introducing the ionic contaminant or subtracting any ion that needed if cellulose used in material for membrane ultrafiltration. Sample dilution can make the resolution between peaks greater especially when fluid with smaller volume are available sufficient for injection. Xie et al. (2011) have reported the studies on levels of adenosine phosphate in blood which are analyzed by using ion chromatography. In this research, gradient mode of elution is used, because it well-known as can carry out fast result and provide sharp peak due to gradient compression effects. The procedure are firstly sample dilution, homogenization, centrifugation, membrane filtration and finally injection into the IC system. The addition of acetonitrile in homogenization part is to extract out the protein as precipitation. Adenosine phosphate likely retained in column and cause contamination since they are very polar molecule however this research has proven that by using this method it will not retained on the column and it can applicable to the analysis of true blood samples. Hou Cramer (2011) has evaluated on selectivity in multimodal anion exchange system priority on prediction of protein retention time and investigation of effect caused by mobile phase modifier. About selectivity, as we know protein are more strongly retain tendency with resin. The multimodal effect which the arrangement pattern has given an electrostatic attraction that manage the binding behaviors with obeying Langmuir isotherm. In this research, two anion resin was used which are Capto Adhere(ADH) and Q Sepharose FF. Result shown there was more retention on ADH because additional interactions existed. In ADH ligand, the additional interaction may composed hydrophobic properties contributed by aromatic ring and hydrogen bonding contributed by hydroxyl group. Suggested that the size of ion-exchanger should be smaller to optimize the performance and using monolithic porous column in order to improve the morphology of the resins. According to the Tyrrell ed. al. (2009), rapid IC have several advantages such as reduce the analysis time, cost and improve the productivity. The rapid IC can be transfer from the conventional method by modifying some parameter. The rapid IC using the similar stationary phases with the conventional chromatographic but the column geometry used in rapid IC was modified. Besides that, the volume used and the flow rate of sample were reduce by a factor of 12 to speed up the chromatographic process and the resolution is not affected for the smaller particle-packed columns with shorter length. In generally, gradient elution are consider more beneficial in fast separations and multi-component sample analysis. In optimize conditions, the separation speed is assume constant in this study. Meanwhile, the other parameter such as the column length was decreased by a factor of 10 and the smaller particles were reduced by a factor of 15. Reductions by factor in the parameters was reduce the resol ution, but the reduction in resolution still in the acceptable ranges, so the process still can be accepted. According to Chen Leong (2009), ÃŽ ±-fetoprotein (AFP) is a potential candidate in biopharmaceutical field, especially in the treatment of autoimmune indications. Recombinant AFP can indicate rheumatoid arthritis recently. However, due to the complexity of its structure as it contains 32 cysteines, which refolding and form 16 disulfide bonds by oxidation; the refolding process will be very hard to occur because the protein with highly disulphide-bonding is immobile on a stationary phase of chromatography. The objective of this study was to improve the refolding yield of the recombinant human AFP (rhAFP) using anion-exchange chromatography. Refolding process by batch dilution was studied as a control. Instead of ion-exchange column, a PD-10 desalting column was used to remove the DTT from protein mixture. The mixture was then eluted out the desalting column and refolding buffer was added. There were two types of anion-exchange column to carry out on-column refolding, which were Q-FF columns and DEAR-FF columns. Same procedures were performed on this refolding process as batch dilution, the protein was incubated in the column with refolding buffer for 0-24 hours, but with an addition of stripping buffer after refolding cycle. Next off-column refolding was carried out using a 1ml Q-FF column. Unlike on-column refolding, the protein was not incubated in column but treated with refolding buffer with or without 0.5M L-arginine after elution process. For batch dilution, as a result, the refolding yield is at maximum level which was around 55% at less than 0.5mg/ml of rhAFP, but at the allowable greatest concentration of protein refolding which is 0.45mg/ml, the yield of refolding obtained is 14% only. This is because high concentration of protein would lead to high aggregation and hence, low refolding process. 0.45mg/ml was the highest protein refolding concentration in this section because of solubility and viscosity limitation in preparation step of higher concentr ation of protein sample. On the other hand, refolding process in DEAE-FF column had higher recovery yield of rhAFP compared to that in Q-FF column which were 19% and 15% respectively when the amount of rhAFP load was 1mg. Q-FF is a strong anion-exchanger compared to DEAE-FF, this caused the strong interaction between protein samples with matrix and limited the disulfide shuffling to refold. In contrast, the interaction in DEAE-FF is relatively weaker, so the disulfide shuffling had higher efficiency and increased refolding process occurrence. The stripping buffer was added after refolding cycle to elute more refolded rhAFP, as the protein was mostly bound on column during refolding and elution process. Similar to result of batch dilution, increased amount of protein load brought increased aggregation and lower refolding process. Furthermore, aggregation of protein at the top section of the column can prevent the protein to move through the column, so another test was done with addit ion of NaCl to refolding process conducted in DEAE-FF column and it showed higher refolding yield. Investigation of off-column refolding was done without incubation of protein in Q-FF column with refolding buffer. Without addition of L-arginine, the refolding yield of 1mg of rhAFP load was higher than on-column refolding, and the yield could be increased to 42% after addition of L-arginine. The possible reason is due to interference of L-arginine toward the adsorption of rhAFP on the matrix. Hence it is impossible to add L-arginine if on-column refolding was desired to be performed. Actually, instead of Q-FF column, the off-column refolding can be conducted on DEAE-FF column with addition of L-arginine and NaCl, the outcome should be interesting to investigate. In a nutshell, off-column refolding yielded the most among the methods, which was 13-fold increase from batch dilution.

Comparing Dr. Martin Luther King Jr. and Malcolm X :: Comparison Compare Contrast Essays

Martin Luther King Jr. and Malcolm X grew up in different environments. King was raised in a comfortable middle-class family where education was stressed. On the other hand, Malcolm X came from and underprivileged home. He was a self-taught man who received little schooling and rose to greatness on his own intelligence and determination. Martin Luther King was born into a family whose name in Atlanta was well established. Despite segregation, Martin Luther King's parents ensured that their child was secure and happy. Malcolm X was born on May 19, 1925 and was raised in a completely different atmosphere than King, an atmosphere of fear and anger where the seeds of bitterness were planted. The burning of his house by the Klu Klux Klan resulted in the murder of his father. His mother later suffered a nervous breakdown and his family was split up. He was haunted by this early nightmare for most of his life. From then on, he was driven by hatred and a desire for revenge. The early backgrounds of Malcolm X and Martin Luther King were largely responsible for the distinct different responses to American racism. Both men ultimately became towering icons of contemporary African-American culture and had a great influence on black Americans. However, King had a more positive attitude than Malcolm X, believing that through peaceful demonstrations and arguments, blacks will be able to someday achieve full equality with whites. Malcolm X's despair about life was reflected in his angry, pessimistic belief that e quality is impossible because whites have no moral conscience. King basically adopted on an integrationalist philosophy, whereby he felt that blacks and whites should be united and live together in peace. Malcolm X, however, promoted nationalist and separatist doctrines. For most of his life, he believed that only through revolution and force could blacks attain their rightful place in society. Both X and King spread their message through powerful, hard-hitting speeches. Nevertheless, their intentions were delivered in different styles and purposes. "King was basically a peaceful leader who urged non-violence to his followers. He travelled about the country giving speeches that inspired black and white listeners to work together for racial harmony." (pg. 135, Martin Luther King Jr. and the Freedom Movement) Malcolm X, for the most part, believed that non-violence and integration was a trick by the whites to keep blacks in their places. He was furious at white racism and encouraged h is followers through his speeches to rise up and protest against their white enemies.

Support Individuals with Specific Communication Needs

Assignment 303 Principles of diversity, equality and inclusion in adult social care settings Assignment composition Assignment overview In this assignment you will consider best practice in promoting diversity, equality and inclusion which does not discriminate against others. You will look at relevant legislation, codes of practice and regulations governing adult social care and consider the consequences for a variety of people if these are not followed. You are asked to consider your own attitudes and beliefs and how these may impact on how you treat people and to reflect on your own practice.Tasks There are three tasks to this assignment. A Short answer questions B Leaflet C Reflective account This is a summary of the evidence required for the unit. Task Evidence Learning outcomes covered A Short answer questions 1. 1, 1. 2, 3. 1 B Leaflet 1. 3 2. 1, 2. 2 3. 2, 3. 3 C Reflective account 2. 3, 2. 4, 2. 5 Question Booklet Task A Short answer questions Ai Using the table below, expla in in your own words what each term means. Give one example from care practice to illustrate your explanations. (8 marks) |Explanation |Example | |Diversity | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |Equality | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |Inclusion | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |Discrimination | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | Aii For each of the following people/groups of people, describe two different possible effects of discrimination. (16 marks) An individual | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | Their families | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | Wider society | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | Those who discriminate | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | Aiii Using the table below, identify three ways of challenging discrimination, and describe how each will promote change. (9 marks) Way of challenging |How this will promote change? | |discrimination | | |1. | | | | | | | | | | | |2. | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |3. | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | Task B LeafletBi Your work setting is running an induction course for new social care workers in an adult social care setting. Create a leaflet which can be used to support this course. The leaflet must include the following: a) A description of the legislation and codes of practice relating to diversity, equality, inclusion and discrimination. b) An explanation of the possible consequences for individuals, social care workers and others if the legislation and codes of practice are not followed. c) A description of how inclusive practice can promote equality and support diversity. d) An explanation of how to support others to promote diversity, equality and inclusion.Bii Give two examples of how you could raise awareness of diversity, equality and inclusion. 1. 2. Task C Reflective account Ci Write a reflective account describin g: †¢ How your personal preferences, attitudes, heritage and beliefs might impact on working practice. †¢ How to ensure that your own practice is inclusive and respects the beliefs, culture, values and preferences of individuals. Suggested word count: 500 – 700 words Cii Write a brief account that describes examples of inclusive practice. Suggested word count: 150 – 200 words Ciii Write a brief account that describes practice which excludes the individual and is discriminatory. Suggested word count: 150 – 200 words Support Individuals with Specific Communication Needs Assignment 303 Principles of diversity, equality and inclusion in adult social care settings Assignment composition Assignment overview In this assignment you will consider best practice in promoting diversity, equality and inclusion which does not discriminate against others. You will look at relevant legislation, codes of practice and regulations governing adult social care and consider the consequences for a variety of people if these are not followed. You are asked to consider your own attitudes and beliefs and how these may impact on how you treat people and to reflect on your own practice.Tasks There are three tasks to this assignment. A Short answer questions B Leaflet C Reflective account This is a summary of the evidence required for the unit. Task Evidence Learning outcomes covered A Short answer questions 1. 1, 1. 2, 3. 1 B Leaflet 1. 3 2. 1, 2. 2 3. 2, 3. 3 C Reflective account 2. 3, 2. 4, 2. 5 Question Booklet Task A Short answer questions Ai Using the table below, expla in in your own words what each term means. Give one example from care practice to illustrate your explanations. (8 marks) |Explanation |Example | |Diversity | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |Equality | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |Inclusion | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |Discrimination | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | Aii For each of the following people/groups of people, describe two different possible effects of discrimination. (16 marks) An individual | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | Their families | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | Wider society | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | Those who discriminate | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | Aiii Using the table below, identify three ways of challenging discrimination, and describe how each will promote change. (9 marks) Way of challenging |How this will promote change? | |discrimination | | |1. | | | | | | | | | | | |2. | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |3. | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | Task B LeafletBi Your work setting is running an induction course for new social care workers in an adult social care setting. Create a leaflet which can be used to support this course. The leaflet must include the following: a) A description of the legislation and codes of practice relating to diversity, equality, inclusion and discrimination. b) An explanation of the possible consequences for individuals, social care workers and others if the legislation and codes of practice are not followed. c) A description of how inclusive practice can promote equality and support diversity. d) An explanation of how to support others to promote diversity, equality and inclusion.Bii Give two examples of how you could raise awareness of diversity, equality and inclusion. 1. 2. Task C Reflective account Ci Write a reflective account describin g: †¢ How your personal preferences, attitudes, heritage and beliefs might impact on working practice. †¢ How to ensure that your own practice is inclusive and respects the beliefs, culture, values and preferences of individuals. Suggested word count: 500 – 700 words Cii Write a brief account that describes examples of inclusive practice. Suggested word count: 150 – 200 words Ciii Write a brief account that describes practice which excludes the individual and is discriminatory. Suggested word count: 150 – 200 words

K-12 Curriculum Essay

Poverty * One of the biggest problems we Filipinos suffer. In reality, PHILIPPINES IS NOT A POOR COUNTRY. The problem is that wrong people mismanage and misgovern the budget of our country. Because of this mismanagement, citizens suffer and pay the price. And now, they’re implementing this curriculum that would be another burden to us Filipinos. If 10 years is already a big thing for parents, then what more is 12 years of sending their children to schools? Yes, there are public schools all around our country, but think about it. Many parents are minimum-wage-earners and aside from the education of their children, there are still other important things included in their monthly budget. So why add 2 more years in the basic education of an average Filipino? Lack of Excellent teachers * In our present time, we see that teachers are indemand and in the curriculum they implemented, teachers are needed. MORE EXCELLENT teachers are needed to be able to produce globally competitive students. There are many taking Education as their course but where are they? Most of them are working overseas. A proof that Philippines doesn’t need to adopt the education system of other countries for Filipinos to be successful and productive citizens. Now that K-12 program is already in use, the government should figure out how and where can they get the people to produce competitive, bright students. Lack of facilities, classrooms and equipments * We all have to accept the fact that in terms of facilities, classrooms and equipments in the schools in the Philippines, our country is underprivileged. For a good quality of education, a comfortable place to study is a big factor affecting this. Even before, classrooms are already inadequate, just think about adding more years in high school. Before the government have decided about a new education system, it could have been better if they solved the problems in the education in the Philippines first. We already have a good quality of education in our country, there are just some points we need to improve. Better education is needed not MORE education. If the government just used the allotted budget for this project to solve other economic issues, it could have helped more Filipinos. To cut everything short, there is just one thing I’d like you to comprehend. The answer to the question is simply NO.

The economic growth of China and India

The economic growth of China and India Introduction All economic measures and structures of statistical comparison show that China’s economy has grown faster and is higher than that of Indias.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on The economic growth of China and India specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More In the recent past, China’s economy has grown mainly because of expedient implementation of policies by the Chinese government. Then again, the fractured system of the Indian government has been the main reason why the Indian government has been unable to implement its policies at a faster rate. This has therefore, led to the slow growth of the economy. However, the leadership of China is very effective in spearheading all sectors within its economy. This has speeded up the growth of China. Since the adoption of market-oriented economies, these two countries have ushered strategies of development that are largely similar. China has adopted measures w ith an objective of coming up with policies aimed at reforming the closed economy. For a long time, India has also been undertaking policies, which objective was to improve its economic performance. Macro-economic analysis of the two economies shows that they continued implementing of policies in order to stimulate their growth1. Per capita income Macroeconomic analyses of China and India show that the per capita income of the two countries was almost the same in the early 1900s. India was even ahead of the Chinese economy in terms of the income earnings. However, the pace of growth of the two economies changed tremendously after the World War. Statistics from the World Bank shows that China’s GDP has been growing at a rate of 10% per year while the annual GDP of India has been growing at a rate of 8 % to 9 % per year.Advertising Looking for essay on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More However , China’s growth looks more sustainable with an increase of its fixed investments in overseas markets. This indicates that China’s GDP might even grow further if the economy continued to be open to the world market2. In both countries, the macroeconomic data on investment and savings rates is subjected to digital errors. Although many analysts may argue that China’s economic growth has been overrated, it is evident that huge investment into its physical capital proves that the country has experienced more economic growth than India, its counterpart. Although investment in physical capital alone is not enough to foretell the growth of the economy, it is evident that total productivity of China is higher than that of India. However, the pace of economic growth of India became high with implementation of projects such as the economic stimulus programs. These programs have provided the steady growth in the economy of India predictable because they came with roadmaps and estimates of the effect they had on the economy3. Foreign direct investment Economic projections from the World Bank show that India’s economy has a potential for growth. Unlike China, India has very few investments in other nations from all over the world. China, on the other hand, faces the risk of losing most of its investments. The new infrastructure invested in China and the increase in credit in India show that there is a bigger growth of credit in India than in China. The banking system of India has adopted policies for providing its people with money, which they use in investment and real estate development.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on The economic growth of China and India specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The lending rates in India have fueled increase in prices of essential commodities and sparked an increase of inflation. This slows the performance of the economy over a period. The flow of net income from direct investment of foreign countries in China is higher than the one that flows into India. China also has a better investment in environment than India. This investment in environment is a creation of the government through implementation of policies. It has an efficient foreign policy characterized by policies of trade between its partners. In fact, China has efficient policies for trading with other countries, which enhances good environment for trade in goods and services. China’s bilateral relations with other countries in Asia show its willingness to trade with countries that have raw materials for its industries. This enhances the growth of industries in China. On the other hand, India has weak relations with other countries in Asia such as South Korea and Pakistan. This acts as an impediment to the growth of India in foreign markets4. After the world wars, there was a great recession in Asian market and these saw many people losing employment in bot h India and China. Since then, China has adopted efficient methods of fighting against the recession while India has slow policymaking strategies, which have prevented the growth of the economy. China adopted very efficient methods, which have seen the increase in its economic output. However, India did not put its sectors of production at risk but went ahead and implemented policies that have helped stimulate economic growth.Advertising Looking for essay on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More India’s hefty stimulus package has helped it increase its economic output, and it has helped India enhance the growth of GDP and per capita income. The monetary policies, implemented by India, have helped it invest into areas that were more productive. This has increased the growth of the economy of the country5. Exports and Imports A comparison of the contribution of exports in both countries shows that China’s exports represent 35% of the GDP while those of India represent only 25%. India also has a higher domestic consumption than China, and this shows that India has a slower growth than China. With huge imports from the United States and European countries, India’s economy is prone to slow growth rates. However, China has protected itself from the losses brought about by the huge imports from other countries. This has led to the country investing in other nations. The country has also built huge capital investments in other countries to stimulate the growth of its economy. The fiscal position of China is higher than that of India. In fact, India’s fiscal deficit is 3% while China has 25.5%. The huge fiscal deficit for China is because of its huge expenditures, which are due to the high costs of living and policies. The two lead to an increase in taxes. Nevertheless, the government of India has relaxed, and it has failed to be more productive over time. Secondly, the fiscal policies in India do not address the banking and financial systems, and this has led to slow production. The Indian currency has also declined with time with the rupee having a huge fall over the US dollar6. Poverty trends One of the basic facts is that the poverty trends in both countries have significantly dropped over time. The household expenditure survey in both countries shows that there is a huge change in poverty estimates in India. The price indices, which are a good indicator of poverty levels, also show that they have declined over time. The assumpt ions from the researchers show that there is a decline in the levels of poverty between the two countries. The gap between the rich and the poor individuals in India has also declined over time. This has been stimulated by the economic stimulus projects and by the policies, which have led to a reduction in poverty levels in both countries. However, poverty estimates in China suggest that there has been a huge reduction of poverty7. Due to growth of human capital in China, there has been a reduction in the regional disparities between the two nations. The income disparity in China is slower than that of India. This is due to the projects whose objective is to develop many regions in China. Estimates also show that the income of an Indian worker is lower than that of a Chinese worker. This makes it possible for the Chinese worker to produce more, which in turn leads to increased disposable income. On the other hand, the contribution of an Indian worker into the gross national producti on is lesser than that of a Chinese worker. The reason is that there are many unemployed people in India’s population as compared to China’s population. International market share With regard to globalization and integration of Industries, it is arguably evident that the Chinese economy continues to outpace all other countries in Asia. This is due to its innovations that have led to an increase in the nation’s Merchandise. In fact, Chinese exports represent 5% of exports in the world market whereas India’s exports represent 0.8% of all exports in the world. It is thus evident that the share of China’s exports is phenomenal and that it represents an economy that contributes to labor-intensive trade. Since the 1980s, the Chinese share of the world’s economy has grown widely, and thus China has contributed to huge growth of commodity markets in the world’s economy. The trend of Chinas growth is going to continue with the pace of capturin g the market share if the government in India does not open itself to the international economy8. Although manufacturing is the mainstay of India’s economy, it is evident that the Chinese economy has produced much as compared to its Indian counterpart. However, a comparison into the prices of commodities in the Indian market shows that the Indian prices are lower than Chinese prices. Amazingly, Chinese manufacturing companies usually export their finished products into Indian markets. In addition, the exchange rates are relatively the same and this means that China continues to be far much ahead of India. Moreover, China exports commercial services to India. The country has also enacted policies that aim at reduction of exports to other countries thus making it globally competitive9. Information technology With regard to information technology and software exports, India is a giant. This is because in every fiscal year, India jets 15-20 billion US dollars into its economy. Th e Chinese information technology and software exports lag behind because they are as good in English as their Indian counterparts. China also lacks experts in management and has a curriculum that does not give a room for the development of the Chinese language, thus making the country lag behind other countries, like India. Experts argue that in the future, China will catch up with India in the production of software and Information technology facilities. This is because the government of China has come up with policies that enable the country to invest in the Information technology sector. Trade of commodities India is also far much ahead of China in terms of pharmaceutical export. International bodies such as the United Nations usually rely on vaccines and other medicinal products from private companies in India. Studies show that if India changes into a fast growing economy like other developed countries in the world, it will become a super power. This is because India has econom ic inputs such as abundance of natural resources, large human labor, and dynamic brainpower. These factors are vital for the spearheading of the growth of any economy. In addition, the supply of pharmaceuticals plus the dynamic information technology will act as the catalysts for growth stimulation. They are therefore vital in the development of the Indian economy. It is thus evident that the process of implementation of policies in India needs a change in order to contribute to the growth of the national economy10. China’s trade with developed nations has also increased tremendously with time. This has led to creation of surplus and foreign reserves. It also helps to supplement for the foreign surplus and increase its account balances thus creating a substantial increase in the exchange reserves. This helps reducing the volatility of its imports from other countries and help in supplementing the reduced exports. Estimates show that the foreign reserves of China amount to $92 billion. However, there is also an increase of India’s balance of payments. This is because the foreign reserves of India are also high but they cannot account for the increase in the exports from other countries, thus slowing the growth of the economy. This still makes China to be far much ahead in terms of trade of manufactured goods. Trade of services The trade of services in China is very high. It is due to the high productivity of work, which is literally forming part of China’s exports. In fact, Chinas exports its experts to other countries such as the United States. On the other hand, the services traded are knowledge intensive and require the Chinese people to be more educated than their Indian counterparts. This means that Indian workers are less productive, and thus they do not represent much productivity into the economy of the country. Secondly, India does not trade sophisticated goods and services, and this makes the country lag behind. However, per capit a income in India is high due to the balance of the economy and the high returns of trade in goods. The future of Indian economy can be successful if the economy grows in terms of production of services more than goods. It is evident that the growing economies trade more in services than in goods. India should also improve its barriers to investments, which include the cultural barriers, slow implementation of policies ,and open its closed markets. The government of India should also give its people the freedom to have international trade through implementation of policies. Affordable credit should also be availed to Indian investors if they are to contribute substantially to economic growth in their country. India should also open its narrowed gaps with international countries to increase its level of trade. Conclusion In conclusion, for many years economists and other parties have considered China and India as super powers due to their fast growing economies. The two Asian nations have adopted strategies that favor internal and external markets thus creating a good environment for regional and international trade. Through increase in their direct investments and the opening of their closed markets, these two countries have speeded their economic growth. However, China’s growth in production of goods and services is phenomenal. In addition, China is still ahead of India in terms of increase in foreign reserves, huge direct investment in other countries and even increase in globalization of its industries. The poverty rates in China are also minimal as compared to the rates of poverty in India. Moreover, China is far much ahead of India in terms of the fiscal position and the gross domestic product. Nevertheless, India has a potential for growth due to its increasing market share and per capita income. However, the future looks predictable with China’s economy being more predictable than India’s economy. Bibliography Allen, Richard, and To mmasi Daniel. Managing public expenditure: A reference book for transition countries. Paris: OECD, 2001. Bardhan Pranab. Awakening giants, feet of clay assessing the economic rise of China and India. Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press, 2010. Chai, Joseph, and Kartik Roy. Economic reform in China and India: development experience in a comparative perspective. Cheltenham: Elgar, 2006. Ekins, Paul. Trade, globalization and sustainability impact assessment: A critical look at methods and outcomes. London, UK: Earth scan, 2009. Hall, Robert, and Marc Lieberman. Microeconomics: principles and applications. Mason, OH: Southwestern, Cengage Learning, 2010. Harrison, Denis, and Szell Gyorgy. Social innovation, the social economy and world economic development: democracy and labour rights in an era of globalization. Frankfurt Main: Lang, 2009. Jovanovich, Miroslav. International handbook on the economics of integration. Cheltenham: Edward Elgar, 2011. Kaufman, Robert. A concise histo ry of Chinese foreign policy. Lanham: Rowman Littlefield, 2010. Moschandreas, Maria. Business economics. London: Business Press, 2000. Saada, Adel. Elasticity: Theory and Applications, Boston, J. Ross Publishing, 2009. Footnotes 1 Bardhan Pranab. Awakening giants, feet of clay assessing the economic rise of China and India. Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press, 2010. 2 Robert Kaufman. A concise history of Chinese foreign policy. Lanham: Rowman Littlefield, 2010. 3 Adel Saada. Elasticity: Theory and Applications, Boston, J. Ross Publishing, 2009. 4Richard Allen and Tommasi Daniel. Managing public expenditure: A reference book for transition countries. Paris: OECD, 2001. 5Denis Harrison and Szell Gyorgy. Social innovation, the social economy and world economic development: democracy and labour rights in an era of globalization. Frankfurt Main: Lang, 2009. 6 Miroslav Jovanovich. International handbook on the economics of integration. Cheltenham: Edward Elgar, 2011. 7 Paul Ekin s. Trade, globalization and sustainability impact assessment: A critical look at methods and outcomes. London, UK: Earth scan, 2009. 8 Moschandreas, Maria. Business economics. London: Business Press, 2000. 9 Robert Hall and Marc Lieberman. Microeconomics: principles and applications. Mason, OH: Southwestern, Cengage Learning, 2010. 10 Joseph Chai and Kartik Roy. Economic reform in China and India: development experience in a comparative perspective. Cheltenham: Elgar, 2006.