World Civilizations Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 1

World Civilizations - Essay Example This investigation features thatâ the political structure was revamped in to two-level framework that took into consideration effectiveness in organization and the impact of honorable families reduced. The managerial authorities were chosen on merit premise and degenerate authorities were excused from government. In like manner, Sui Dynasty built up Sui Court and law changes were completed so as to expel certain cruel disciplines on the people.From this paper it is clear thatâ the Dynasty came in to lead after a progression of contentions and in this manner monetary social monetary changes were actualized so as to beat the predominant budgetary emergency. The Emperor executed a land adjustment strategy that prompted land dissemination for faming purposes dependent on the quantity of individuals in a specific family. The Dynasty normalized measures and loads and brought together the coinage and ranchers delighted in lower burdens consequently improving the advancement of the social economy. Another achievement was the development of Grand Canal so as to improve transport and upgrade financial trades. The Dynasty looked for assurance from foes by building the Great Wall so as to keep intrusion from Turks. Confucianism picked up fame and Dynasty extended Southward because of extraordinary accentuation on open works. Tang Dynasty was set apart by fast social and monetary change, for example, strict resistance, horticulture, resuscitated common help and instruction. Ruler Wu Zhao improved the common help and diminished the forces of the old honorability.

Free Your Inner Thinker Essays - Truth, Atheism, Spirituality

Free Your Inner Thinker Free Your Inner Thinker Sorted out religions are weighed down with the garbage of bygone, eccentric pictures. Wherever individuals go they are lowered in scriptural obliviousness, strict absence of education and chronicled idiocy (Edelen, ?The 10 Commandments?). Individuals are encircled by cultic codes and pictures every step of the way. This must stop! One association that is standing firm is known as The Freedom From Religion Foundation. It is most normally alluded to as free idea. A freethinker is an individual who structures sentiments and convictions based on reason, autonomous of custom, authority, or built up conviction (Barker). Freethinkers love to learn new thoughts and are not happy with what is as of now known. Subsequently, all individuals must be liberated from the similarity of a book of scriptures, statement of faith, or savior. They should be permitted to have an independent perspective, as opposed to aimlessly follow convention or ?infinite absolutes.? Freethinkers accept reality and decide not to follow the untruths and strange notions that are, unavoidably, some portion of religion. Normal legendary subjects are soaked all through the good book, from the creation and flood fantasy to virgin birth and saint revival (Edelen, ?The Sin?). In contrast to traditional religions, Freethinkers' convictions depend on the real world and reason. As characterized in Nontract #11, ?What is a Freethinker,? ?The truth is constrained to that which is legitimately discernible however our characteristic faculties or in a roundabout way found out through the correct utilization of reason? (Barker). For a thought or conviction to be viewed as obvious it must be testable, falsifiable, closefisted, and coherent. Each conviction a freethinker has must have proof or trials to affirm; everything endeavors to invalidate it should over and again come up short, expect little to no presumptions, and be liberated from inconsistencies and character assaults (Barker). Freethinkers utilize the considering part there cerebrum to comprehend the universe. Numerous individuals who don't see free idea believe that freethinkers need ethics. The profound quality of a freethinker can be summarized in single word, graciousness. Profound quality isn't a lot of rules and regulations at the same time, rather, depends on human needs (Barker). Freethinkers attempt to be acceptable and reasonable for everybody. They accept that every single individual should live in harmony regardless of what their race, sex, religion, what they think, who they love, or where they originate from. They put forth a valiant effort to secure the earth and every one of its animals. Religion advances hazardous and lacking ?profound quality? in view of visually impaired submission, as opposed to a cautious utilization of motivation to gauge the potential results when confronted with an ethical difficulty (Barker). The most well-known philoshical question contemplated is whether there is a significance of life. Freethinkers realize that the importance of life must begin in the psyche. Since the universe is thoughtless and the universe couldn't care less, on the off chance that you wish to have a reason, YOU should mind (Barker). Not all freethinkers have faith in a significance of life, similarly as with all convictions, people are allowed to acknowledge or dispose of it. Where the same number of freethinker decide to accept there is no celestial arrangement, most freethinkers discover significance throughout everyday life. They discover significance in human sympathy, social advancement, the excellence of mankind, individual satisfaction, joy, happiness, love, and the progression of information (Barker). In contrast to show religions, free idea requires a clarification instead of a planner to clarify the multifaceted nature of life. One such clarification is Darwin's hypothesis of development alongside characteristic determination. Freethinkers don't have faith in a perfect fashioner since the multifaceted nature of such an animal would be dependent upon a similar investigation itself (Barker). Freethinkers likewise accept that religion isn't just pointless yet in addition hurtful. Truly, religion has consistently delivered savagery (Edelen ?Religion?). From Moses to the Crusades, Henry VIII, Salem, Hitler, Kosovo. Edelen composes, ?it is the nations with out religion that are the least rough? (?Religion?). He likewise expressed in a similar article that, ?America is the most ?strict's of every single industrialized country, but then is the most brutal country on the planet.? A significant number of the world's most frightful pioneers accepted they were playing out god's work. Hitler himself composed, ?I am totally persuaded that I am going about as the operator of god. I am presently a Catholic and will consistently remain so,? in Mein Kampf (qtd in Edelen, ?Religion?). Freethinkers don't accept that every strict individuals are

Financial Performance and Comparative Analysis in UK Retail Industry

Question: Portray about the Financial Performance and Comparative Analysis in UK Retail Industry. Answer: Presentation Foundation The future development of an organization relies upon its money related execution. So as to distinguish the degree of manageability of an industry, it is critical to break down its money related execution over most recent couple of years (Lepperet al. 2016). This specific examination will concentrate predominantly on the retail business in the United Kingdom (UK) and for better understanding; the contextual analysis of Marks and Spencer will be utilized. In this area, the investigation will plot the point, destinations, questions and centrality of the examination. Task examine issue The serious issue territory with which the examination will bargain is the elevated level of rivalry that the retail organizations in UK are looking in current situation. This is a major issue in light of the fact that because of the high rivalry, the organizations are confronting challenges in improving their money related exhibitions. Center for the investigation Reason for the examination The goals of this investigation will be as per the following: To distinguish and break down the most recent ten years money related execution pattern of UK retail industry To examine the money related execution pattern of Marks and Spencer To recognize the degree of competency of Marks and Spencer in UK retail industry To suggest some helpful system for future money related advantages of UK retail industry Research questions The inquiries of this exploration venture will be as per the following: What is the presentation standard of the UK retail industry over the most recent five years? What is the money related situation of Marks and Spencer in the UK retail industry? How monetarily serious Marks and Spencer at current market circumstance? By what method can the UK retail industry and exceptionally Marks and Spencer improve its/their monetary exhibition in the coming money related years? Essentialness of the investigation This investigation will exclusively focus on the money related execution of UK retail industry. Thusly, with the assistance of this specific investigation, it will be conceivable to recognize the future development thriving of the business. Simultaneously, the unique spotlight on Marks and Spencer will assist with distinguishing and break down the presentation level of the organization, which eventually help to recognize the regions, where the organization is missing behind. On the opposite side, the suggested techniques of the examination will be useful for future development of Marks and Spencer just as the general retail industry in UK. Research structure The structure that the examination will follow is appeared in Figure 1. Figure 1 Structure of the examination Writing survey Current money related province of UK retail industry As indicated by Michie(2015), the current money related state or position of the UK retail industry is steady. There are numerous enormous global associations working business in the retail business in the UK. For instance, Tesco (for example base camp in the United States, US), Sainsburys (for example the UK) and Asda Stores Limited (for example in the UK), which win benefits from this industry. In any case, if the money related execution of this specific industry is assessed at this present circumstance, at that point it very well may be recognized that all out deals estimation of the general business in 2015 was 339 billion which has upgraded by 4.1% till September 2016 (Ons.gov.uk 2016). In the most recent year, the all out commitment of UK retail industry in yearly GDP of the nation was 5% and the yearly development pace of the business was 10% (Retaileconomics.co.uk 2016). Simultaneously, the expense of the business has likewise expanded in the most recent year (2015). The level of expanded expense of the business was 2.9% (Ons.gov.uk 2016).Pederzoli and Kuppelwieser(2015) referenced that the expense of the business has expanded because of the expanded level of spending of the business in web based selling. According to the most recent years information, the web based spending of the business has developed by 22% in 2015 (Retaileconomics.co.uk 2016). Subsequently, according to the general outcomes, it very well may be said that at present the retail business in UK has the ability to improve its presentation standard; notwithstanding, the industry needs to control its cost level. Money related proportions hypothesis Money related proportions are the most fundamental parts that show the monetary exhibition of an organization. The hypotheses of monetary proportions have given various recipes. Each organization requires recognizing the money related proportions, in light of the information and data accessible in the budget summaries of the organization. The monetary proportions of any organization can be determined according to some budgetary ideas and dependent on that, the money related proportions can be partitioned in various portions like, benefit proportion, liquidity proportion, equipping proportion, budgetary security proportion and numerous others. Under every one of this class, there are various proportions. For instance, under the productivity proportion, there are gross benefit proportion, net benefit proportion and working benefit proportion. Every one of the proportions should be determined dependent on specific recipe. For instance, the gross benefit proportion can be determined depe ndent on the accompanying recipe: In this manner, it tends to be said that there are no hypothesis of proportion however there are a few equation to figure the budgetary proportions. Budget report examination for Marks and Spencer Table 1 Financial execution proportions for Marks and Spencer (2006-2015) Budgetary proportions of Marks and Spencer 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 Working benefit proportion 9.56308 10.907 13.4261 9.60815 8.934 8.59214 7.51437 7.53979 6.73637 6.80121 Net benefit proportion 6.70839 7.68389 9.09998 5.59252 5.48413 6.1456 4.92838 4.56776 4.908 4.67153 Current proportion 0.56624 0.52696 0.59415 0.60245 0.80413 0.74279 0.72808 0.56646 0.58251 0.68905 Snappy proportion 0.38066 0.26777 0.34833 0.37011 0.47977 0.43273 0.38805 0.22365 0.22262 0.31123 Stock turnover proportion 0.048 0.04847 0.05419 0.05915 0.0643 0.07036 0.06864 0.07652 0.08201 0.07737 Obligation to value proportion 0.94193 1.05048 1.32877 1.93012 1.04213 0.71864 0.70106 0.91618 0.79503 0.68366 Source: Corporate.marksandspencer.com. (2016) Table 1, shows the money related proportions of Marks and Spencer from 2006 to 2015. The above proportions are demonstrating that in these ten years, the productivity of the organization has declined. In addition, the gainfulness proportions of the organization have not reached to the business standard. If there should arise an occurrence of working proportion, the industry standard for the snappy proportion is 25% and for net benefit proportion is 20%. The benefit proportions underneath these rates can be considered as awful. This demonstrates the budgetary presentation of the organization got feeble in these previous ten years. Be that as it may, the liquidity position of the organization was pretty much same over the most recent 10 years, still it can't be said that the liquidity places of the organization in most recent 10 years were not up to the norm. According to the business standard, the industry standard is 2:1 and for fast proportion, it is 1:1. On the off chance that the proportions are beneath these measures, at that point it very well may be said that the liquidity of the organization is at sketchy circumstance. Simultaneously, the stock turnover proportion of the organization in most recent ten years is showing that the stock holding cost of the organization was not all that high in these ten years. According to the business standard, the stock turnover proportion of the organization must be in the middle of 1.40 to 1.82, which has not been accomplished by this organization. On the opposite side, the obligation to value proportions of the organization is demonstrating that during 2007 to 2010, the organization expanded the obligation capital in its all out capital structure. Along these lines, from the above proportions, it tends to be said that putting resources into Marks and Spencer won't be so gainful in light of the fact that the benefit and liquidity position of the organization were not all that high in most recent ten years. Connection between budgetary execution and business development Development is one of the key adages of a business or industry.Lewricket al.(2015) expressed that the development of an industry can be better comprehended by its budgetary exhibition. The development in the budgetary exhibition of any industry demonstrates that the presentation of the organizations under the business is improving. Notwithstanding, despite what might be expected, Moattiet al. (2015) expressed that there are numerous organizations in various enterprises, which misquote their budgetary presentation in their fiscal reports. Along these lines, all things considered the money related execution of the organizations uncovers elevated level of execution however the real development of the business turns out to be low. Hancerliogullari, Sen and Agca(2016) remarked that in the event that the fiscal summaries of the organizations show counterfeit outcomes, at that point the development level of the organizations will likewise be phony. In addition, in most extreme time, it has distinguished that if the money related execution of an organization is sure, the organization additionally has positive development rate and the other way around (ChoudhryJayasekera 2015). Be that as it may, exemptions are there if the budgetary exhibition of the organization is negative over the most recent couple of years and improvement rate is low on the grounds that so as to get positive development rate, the organization needs to recuperate the misfortune (KajaloLindblom 2015). Research philosophy Kinds of examination The accomplishment of an exploration work relies upon the correct determination of the kind of examination for the investigation. The kind of examination of an exploration incorporates the way of thinking, structure and approach of the exploration (Katz 2015). This specific research will follow the positivism reasoning since this exploration theory will assist with directing the examination on intelligent ground. Simultaneously, the positivism theory depends on the logical strategies. On the opposite side, the examination will

Indian Financial System Free Essays

Budgetary MANAGEMENT ASSIGNMENT ON INDIAN FINANCIAL SYSTEM amp; SOURCES OF LONG TERM AND SHORT TERM FINANCES SUBMITTED BY, PREMJITH. A P10144 PGDM 2010-12 INDIAN FINANCIAL SYSTEM The monetary framework in india alludes to the arrangement of acquiring and loaning of assets or the interest for and the flexibly of assets all things considered, organizations, organizations and of the administration. Ordinarily the Indian monetary framework is characterized into: * Industrial account: reserves required for the direct of industry and exchange * Agricultural money: reserves required and provided for the lead of farming and united action * Development account: reserves required for improvement; really it incorporates both mechanical money and rural account * Government account: identifies with the interest for a nd gracefully of assets to meet government consumption The assembly of reserve funds and the compelling conveyance of the investment funds among every one of the individuals who request the assets for speculation purposes. We will compose a custom paper test on Indian Financial System or on the other hand any comparative point just for you Request Now The financial framework, the insurance agencies, common assets, speculation reserves and different organizations which advance investment funds among the general population, gather their investment funds and move them to the genuine speculators * The speculator in the nation made out of people financial specialists, modern speculators, mechanical and exchanging organizations and the legislature, these enters in the money related framework as borrowers. Elements OF INDIAN FINANCIAL SYSTEM The Indian budgetary framework plays out an essential job in monetary advancement of india through sparing speculation process otherwise called capital development. Some of the time it is likewise calls budgetary market. The reason for monetary market is to portable reserve funds proficiently and dispenses a similar effectiveness among a definitive clients of assets, ie: financial specialists * Increase in investment funds, that is assets that are would have been ordinarily utilized for utilization purposes ought to be discharged for different purposes. * Mobilization of reserve funds †household investment funds gathered by banking and money related organizations and set at removal of real financial specialists; and * Investment appropriate, which is the creation of capital products. Arrangement OF THE INDIAN FINANCIAL SYSTEM The Indian currency showcase is the market wherein momentary assets are acquired and loaned. The capital market in india then again, is the market for medium-term and long haul reserves. Save bank of india Organized division Sub Market Unorganized area Public part banks Private segment banks NBFC IDFC, GIC, LIC Call cash T-Bills Certificate for Deposit Commercial Papers SHORT TERM AND LONG TERM FUNDS Shares comes in the Long expression reserves. An offer is a unit of capital of the organization. It has an unmistakable assumed worth. It speaks to proprietorship privileges of their holders. Purchasers of offers are called investor and they are lawful proprietors of the firm whose shares they hold. Every investor put their cash in the portions of an organization in special case of an arrival on their venture capital. The arrival of investor comprises of profit and capital increase. Investor make capital increase or (misfortune) by selling their offer. Each offer conveys a particular number. Offers are transferable units. Investors are of two sort ORDINARY and PREFERENCE investors. Inclination share: These offers have inclination over the conventional offers as far as installment of profit and reimbursement of capital if organization is twisted up. They might be given with or without a development period. REDEEMABLE PREFERENCE SHARE are shares with development and IRREDEEMABLE PREFERENCE SHARES with no development. The holder of inclination shares get profit at a fixed rate. Concerning profit, inclination offers might be given with or without combined highlights. On account of CUMULATIVE PREFERENCE SHARES unpaid profits amass and are payable later on. Profits falling behind financially don't gather on account of NON CUMULATIVE PREFERENCE SHARES. Highlights of Preference share Claim on salary and resources: inclination share is a senior security when contrasted with conventional offer. It has an earlier case on the company’s salary as in the organization should initially deliver inclination share profit before delivering the normal profit. Fixed profit: The profit rate are fixed on account of inclinations offer, and inclination profit are not charge deductable. Combined profit: that all past unpaid profit be delivered before the normal profits are paid. Common Shares: speaks to the proprietorship position in an organization. The holders of customary offers called investors are the lawful proprietors of the organization. Customary offers are the wellsprings of lasting capital since they don't have a development date. Be that as it may, the ordinay investors are qualified for get profits. The sum or pace of profits are not fixed. A normal offer is called variable pay security. Being the proprietor the organization, investors bear the danger of possession; they are qualified for profits after the salary cases of others have been fulfilled. Thus, when the organization is wrapped up, they can practice their case on resources after the cases of different providers of capital have been met. Highlights of Ordinary offers: Claims on pay: Ordinary investors have a lingering possession guarantee. They have a case to the lingering salary, which is profit accessible for customary investor subsequent to paying costs, premium charges, duties and inclination profit. Guarantee on resource: Ordinary investor have leftover case on organization resource if there should be an occurrence of liquidation. Casting a ballot rights: Ordinary investor are required to decide on various significant issues. The most critical recommendations include: appointment of executives and change in notice of affiliation. RIGHTS ISSUE When organization circulates all profit to investors, at that point, it can reacquire new capital from similar sources by giving new offers called rights shares. BONDS A bond is a drawn out obligation instrument or security. Bonds gave by the legislature don't have any danger of defaults. The private area organizations additionally issue bonds, which are called debentures. An organization can issue made sure about and unbound debenture. If there should be an occurrence of securities and debentures, the pace of premium is commonly fixed and known to speculators. Highlights of Bonds * Face esteem is the standard worth. A bond is for the most part given at a standard estimation of Rs:100 or Rs:1000, and enthusiasm for paid on face esteem. * Interest rate is fixed and known to bondholders. Intrigue paid on a bond is charge deductable. Financing cost is called coupon rate. * Maturity bond is by and large gave for a predetermined timeframe. It is reimbursed on development. * Redemption esteem The worth that a bondholder will jump on development is called recovery or development esteem. A bond might be recovered at standard or at premium or at markdown. * Market esteem A security might be exchanged a stock trade. The cost at which it is as of now sold or purchased is known as the market estimation of the security. Market worth might be not quite the same as standard worth or reclamation esteem. Securities might be grouped into three (1) Bond with development (2) Pure rebate securities (3) Perpetual securities Bond with development The organizations issue securities that indicate the loan cost and the development time frame. Unadulterated rebate securities These securities don't convey an express pace of intrigue. It accommodates the installment single amount sum sometime not too far off in return at the present cost of bond. Unending bonds These bonds are likewise consols, has an inconclusive life and in this way, it has no development esteem. Sorts of Debentures * Convertible debenture (CD) * Non convertible debenture (NCD) * Fully convertible debenture (FCD) * Partly convertible debenture (PCD) WARRANTS A warrant qualifies the buyer for purchase a fixed number of conventional offers at a specific cost during a predefined timespan. Warrants are for the most part given alongside debentures as sugars. Warrants are utilized related to normal or inclination shares. Attributes of Warrants Exercise cost of a warrant is the cost at which its holder can buy the giving firms conventional offers. Exercise proportion expresses the quantity of common offers that can be bought at the activity per warrants. Lapse date is the date when the alternative to purchase customary offers in return of warrants terminates. Distinctness the warrant can either be a separable or non separable. Separable warrants Warrant can be sold independently from debentures to which it is initially connected Non separable warrants can't be sold independently from the debenture to which it was initially joined. A portion of different techniques utilized for raising long haul capitals, * CUMULATIVE CONVERTIBLE PREFERNCE SHARE * DERIVATIVE SECURITIES * BORROWING FROM FINANCIAL INSTITUTION (BANKS) SHORT TERM FUNDS It is the market for close to cash, or it is the market for loaning and obtaining of short assets. It is the market for loaning and obtaining transient overflow investible assets of banks and other money related organization are requested by borrowers involving singular organizations and the administration. The organization of Indian currency showcase comprise of Call currency advertise One significant submarket of the Indian currency advertise is the Call currency showcase, which is the market for extremely momentary assets. This market is otherwise called cash at call and short notification. This market has two sections (a) the call showcase or overnight market and (b) short notification advertise. The rate at which unds are acquired and loaned in this market is known as the call currency advertise. Call cash rates are advertise controlled by request and gracefully of momentary assets. The open division banks represent about 80% for the interest and outside banks and Indian private segment banks represent the parity of 20% of borrowings. NBFC’s like IDBI, GIC, LIC are cal l currency showcase loan specialists. Bill advertise in India The bill showcase ir the markdown showcase is the most significant piece of the currency advertise where short bills ordinarily up to 90days are purchased and sold

Medication-Induced Anxiety Disorder

Substance/Medication-Induced Anxiety Disorder Panic Disorder Related Conditions Print Substance/Medication-Induced Anxiety Disorder By Elizabeth Hartney, BSc., MSc., MA, PhD Elizabeth Hartney, BSc, MSc, MA, PhD is a psychologist, professor, and Director of the Centre for Health Leadership and Research at Royal Roads University, Canada. Learn about our editorial policy Elizabeth Hartney, BSc., MSc., MA, PhD Medically reviewed by Medically reviewed by Steven Gans, MD on August 05, 2016 Steven Gans, MD is board-certified in psychiatry and is an active supervisor, teacher, and mentor at Massachusetts General Hospital. Learn about our Medical Review Board Steven Gans, MD Updated on February 03, 2020 skynesher/Getty Images More in Panic Disorder Related Conditions Symptoms Diagnosis Treatment Coping Substance or medication-induced anxiety disorder is the diagnostic name for severe anxiety or panic which is caused by alcohol, drugs, or medications. While it is normal to have some feelings of anxiety in stressful situations, and even the transient feelings of anxiety, paranoia or panic that can happen spontaneously during intoxication or withdrawal from alcohol or drugs, substance-induced anxiety feels much worse and goes on a lot longer.??? For some people, it can significantly upset their enjoyment in life. Unfortunately, the same drugs that many people use to try and boost their confidence, help them relax, and lower their inhibitions are the ones most prone to causing substance-induced anxiety disorder or panic attacks. In some cases, people dont even realize that it is alcohol, drugs or medications that are causing the anxiety  because they only associate those substances with feeling good. The Dangers of Using Alcohol and Drugs to Relieve Anxiety Diagnosis When physicians or psychologists give a diagnosis of substance/medication-induced anxiety disorder, they check to make sure that the anxiety wasnt there before the use of alcohol, drugs or medications thought to be responsible. This is because there are several different types of anxiety disorders, and if the symptoms were there before the substance use, it isnt diagnosed as substance/medication-induced anxiety.?? Types of Anxiety Disorders How Soon Anxiety Can Be Induced After Taking the Drug In some cases, anxiety or panic can occur straight away. There is even a category with onset during intoxication, which means that the anxiety episode actually started when the individual was drunk or high on the drug.??? It can also occur during withdrawal, during which symptoms of anxiety are common. However, with anxiety which is simply a symptom of withdrawal, the persons symptoms will generally resolve within a few days of discontinuing alcohol or drug use, while with substance-induced anxiety disorder, it can start during withdrawal, and continue or get worse as the person moves through the detox process. How Long Do Withdrawal Symptoms Last? Generally, the diagnosis isnt given if the person has a history of anxiety without substance use, or if the symptoms continue for more than a month after the person becomes abstinent from the alcohol, drugs or medication.?? For the diagnosis of Substance/Medication-Induced Anxiety Disorder to be given, the symptoms have to be causing a great deal of emotional upset or significantly affecting the persons life, including their work or social life, or another part of their life that is important. Drugs That Cause Substance/Medication-Induced Anxiety Disorder A wide variety of psychoactive substances can cause substance-induced anxiety, including: Alcohol-induced anxiety disorder??Caffeine-induced anxiety disorderCannabis-induced anxiety disorderPhencyclidine-induced anxiety disorderOther hallucinogen-induced anxiety disorderInhalant-induced anxiety disorderAmphetamine-induced anxiety disorderOther stimulant-induced anxiety disorderCocaine-induced anxiety disorderOther substance-induced anxiety disorderUnknown substance-induced anxiety disorder Medications known to cause substance-induced anxiety include: Anesthetic-induced anxiety disorderAnalgesic-induced anxiety disorderSympathomimetic or other bronchodilator-induced anxiety disorderAnticholinergic-induced anxiety disorderInsulin-induced anxiety disorderThyroid preparation-induced anxiety disorderOral contraceptive-induced anxiety disorderAntihistamine-induced anxiety disorderAntiparkinsonian-induced anxiety disorderCorticosteroid-induced anxiety disorderAntihypertensive and cardiovascular medication-induced anxiety disorderAnticonvulsant-induced anxiety disorderLithium carbonate-induced anxiety disorderAntipsychotic-induced anxiety disorderAntidepressant-induced anxiety disorder Specific heavy metals and toxins that can cause panic or anxiety symptoms include organophosphate insecticide, nerve gases, carbon monoxide, carbon dioxide, and volatile substances such as gasoline and paint.

Constitutional Safeguards of the 4th, 5th and 6th Amendments to the US Constitution - Free Essay Example

Constitutional safeguards provided by US Constitution in the 4th, 5th and 6th amendments in regards to the criminal justice system are implemented to protect people against indiscriminate application of criminal laws and wanton treatment of persons suspected of violating the law. The amendments which are specifically designed to enforce constitutional rights of suspected criminals have had a significant impact in the criminal judicial sector. The workings of the courts in both juvenile and adult criminal proceedings and trials have been altered by these safeguards provided for by the amendments whereby the courts are required to conduct the proceedings or trials in a manner that is in conformity with the safeguards. A legal aspect that contradicts or offends the constitutional safeguards is deemed inadmissible in court. The paper shall conduct identify and evaluate the constitutional safeguards by the 4th, 5th and 6th amendments in addition to providing an analytical and comparative study on the various impacts of the safeguards in the day-to- day operation of adult and juvenile courts. The 4th amendment enumerates certain safeguards in regards to unreasonable searches. The amendment gives people the right to be secure in their persons, houses and personal effects against unreasonable searches and seizures. The right is protected under the amendment which provides that it shall be not violated. Subsequently, the amendment provides that warranties shall only be issued is there is a probable cause and shall be supported by an oath or affirmation providing a detailed description of the place to be searched and persons or things to seized thereof. In essence the 4th amendment provides protection aga inst general searches by the government. Law enforcement personnel are entrusted with the authority and power to conduct searches, investigations, make arrests and seizures. However, this power is not absolute and is subject to limitations that require it to be exercised within the boundaries and the tenets of the law (Amar, 1994). When the police officers or law enforcement personnel exercise this power in a manner that exceeds or violates the prerequisite boundaries, the admissibility of the collected evidence is adversely jeopardized. It is the courts prerogative to ensure that the adduced evidence does not violate or offend the constitutional safeguards provided by the 4th amendment. The safeguards provided under this amendment only applies against a government action undertaken by a government employee whether state of federal or private persons working with a governmental agency. Thus under the 4th amendment, courts are not required to offer protection against bugging, or any forms of wiretapping conducted by private citizens such as private investigators even if the private investigators evidence directly links a person to the aforesaid crime. Cou rts are inclined to deny the admissibility of the private investigators evidence as it violated the safeguards provided under the 4th amendment. The private investigators evidence can only be admissible in court if it is sufficiently shown that he or she was working with law enforcement agency at the time of the collection of the evidence which was permitted by a warrant (Amar, 1994). However, this aspect has often had adverse impacts in the courts. The core purpose of criminal purpose of any judicial organ is to provide justice to the victims and punish the perpetrators of crimes. However, the absenteeism or failure by courts to protect evidence gathered by private persons has at times occasioned an injustice thus contradicting the core essence of the criminal justice system. A suspect maybe let off the criminal justice hooks solely based on the fact that the evidence linking them to the crime cannot be admitted in court because it was gathered by private persons. Additionally, private investigators with certain clues or knowledge purtaining some crimes are reluctant to coming forward and hand over the evidence to law enforcement agency because they are not protected by the 4th amendment safeguards (Amar, 1994). Under the 4th amendment, courts are to invalidate searches and seizures carried out under probable cause without a court warrant. However, the US Supreme Court has provided that in certain situations, warrantless searches may be deemed reasonable under present circumstances and admissible in court. The ruling according to scholars provided an exception to the constitutional muster provided by the 4th amendment in regards to searches and seizures. In Terry v. Ohio, 392 U.S. 1, 88 S. Ct. 1868, 21 L. Ed. 889 (1968) the Supreme Court ruled that the 4th amendment prohibits from detaining pedestrians and or conducting any kind of searches on person without probable cause (Amar, 1994). This provision applies to searches conducted under traffic laws. Courts articulate that a police officer must satisfy the probable cause requirement in pursuant to searches conducted in automobiles. In providing exceptions in the 4th amendment against seizures, courts strike a balance between the practical daily workings of a police officer and the privacy and freedoms interests of the public (Amar, 1994). In juvenile courts the application of the 4th amendment has resulted in divergent and contradictory rulings. The Arizona Court of Appeals relying on the case of Terry v. Ohio 392 U.S. 1, 16 (1968) in a case whereby a police officer encountered a juvenile sitting underneath a bridge wearing a heavy jacket under warm weather and conducted a search on the minor and found drugs on the minor and proceeded to arrest him. On ruling the court held that the minor was not seized and if it were a seizure it would not amount to an unreasonable seizure. Subsequently, in another ruling in the Di strict of Columbia, police officers were conducting consent searches in a bus. During the searches, they approached a fourteen year old in the bus and began questioning him. On conducting a search on the boy they found crack cocaine on the boy and arrested him. In the ruling the District of Columbia court of Appeals held that to a reasonable person based on the circumstances, the boy was not seized (Amar, 1994). The exclusionary rule in the US criminal jurisprudence was introduced by the Supreme Court in the case of Weeks v. United States, 232 U.S. 383 (1914). The rule enables courts to exclude incriminating evidence against a defendant upon sufficient proof that the evidence was procured in a manner that offended the constitution (Levy, 1974). The rule gives the defendants an option to challenge the admissibility of evidence by filing of a pre-trial motion. Evidence heard or adduced at the pre-trial motion cannot be used against the defendant in the proceedings. If the evidence used in the pre-trial is not suppressed by the court, and is instead used by the jury to convict, the defendant can challenge the admissibility of that evidence on appeal. However, the Supreme Court in the case of Lockhart v. Nelson, 488 U.S. 33 (1988), articulated that the exclusionary rule does not bar the retrial of a defendant in regards to suppressed evidence as the trial courts error does not go to the question of guilt or innocence (Levy, 1974). The 5th amendment provides various safeguards offer the defendant protection against self incrimination, double jeopardy and the right to due process. The provision of the right against self incrimination based on evidence got via a compelling confession made by coercion or deception. Under this safeguard, courts are compelled to exclude such kind of evidence as it is they were got via uncivilized manner that offended the tenets of the constitution. The self incriminatory rule includes the right to remain silent which was realized by the US Supreme Court in the case of Miranda v. Arizona, 384 U.S. 436 (1966). The court ruled that arrested persons must be explained their right to remain silent or have an attorney present during questioning (Amar Lettow, 1995). The ruling was meant to prevent acquiring of a confession from the suspect under pressure by police officers. This landmark ruling led to the creation of the Miranda Rights whereby police officers are required to inform an arrested person his constitutional rights to remain silent and have an attorney. If it is sufficiently proved that police officers violated a suspects Miranda Rights in obtaining evidence, courts render that evidence inadmissible as it was obtained on an illegality. Subsequently, the amendment provides a safeguard that prohibits governments from subjecting an individual to double punishment or trial of the same offence. This safeguard is called the right against double jeopardy. When conducting trials, the government has an obligation to inform the court of the previous convictions of the defendants regarding the same offence. Defendants can bring motions regarding the double jeopardy clause to challenge prosecution or overturning of a subsequent punishment (Amar Lettow, 1995). Subsequently, the 5th amendment provides every defendant the right to due process which requires all criminal proceedings to be conducted in a fair manner that is impartial. Courts are allowed to allow accused persons the right to present fully their case and defend themselves adequately against the charged crimes. The right to due is applicable to all phases of a criminal proceeding from pre-trial to the final appellate decision. In juvenile courts, the right to due process is strictly enforced as required in adult courts. Juveniles are given the right to have an to call witnesses to appear on their behalf and remain silent. They are also accorded the right to cross-examine witnesses and obtain sub-poenas to compel witnesses to appear on their behalf. The availability of enforcing these rights in the juvenile courts has positively impacted the outcome of the court proceedings and the court cases. The juveniles have an equal and fair ability as the adults to fully and adequately exercise all their rights in the criminal trials. The awarding of these rights in the juvenile courts ensures that no miscarriage of justice is occasioned pursuant to the 5th amendment (Amar Lettow, 1995). The 6th amendment gives defendants the right to a speedy trial which is conducted in public by a jury which is impartial. The amendment also provides the right of a defendant to have an attorney and be informed the nature and cause of the aforesaid charges. The US Supreme court has not given clear guideline or ruling that gives an exact time limit at which a trial should be deemed excessive and not speedy in consonance with the 6th amendment. Instead the court has provided a balancing test that is used in the other lower courts whereby it weighs the reasons and causes of delay against the prejudice suffered by a defendant occasioned by the delay. A delay of one year in bringing a defendant to trial can be deemed as contravening the speedy trial clause. However, defend ants whose own actions have directly resulted to lengthy trials cannot claim the protection of the speedy trial clause (McCormick, Strong Broun, 1999). Subsequently, the safeguard provided by the 6th amendment to inform the defendants to be informed the nature and cause of the charges is interpreted by courts in two distinct elements. The defendants must receive notice of any criminal complaint lodged against them and that defendants should not be tried and convicted on charges that vary from the crimes set out in the charge sheet. After the arraignment in court the written charges are read to the defendants to determine if the determine fully understands them (McCormick, Strong Broun, 1999). Arraignment in court gives the defendants the right to be represented by a counsel. However, this right is not absolute as the defendants have a right to defend themselves in the course of the criminal proceedings in a process called appearing pro se. Courts also apply the exclusionary rule w hereby any evidence obtained in a manner that offended the constitution is excluded from the trials. Subsequently, the right to have an impartial jury gives the defendant the right to a jury pool whereby the impartiality of the jury is determined via a voir dire. In juvenile proceedings courts may suspend the right to have a public trial if is of the view that it is the best interests of a child (McCormick, Strong Broun, 1999). References Amar, A. R., Lettow, R. B. (1995). Fifth Amendment First Principles: The Self-Incrimination Clause. Michigan Law Review, 857-928. Amar, A. R. (1994). Fourth Amendment first principles. Harvard Law Review, 757-819. Levy, L. W. (1974). Against the Law: The Nixon Court Criminal Justice. Harper Row. McCormick, C. T., Strong, J. W., Broun, K. S. (1999). McCormick on evidence (Vol. 1). West Group Publishing

Thesis on Capital Structure - 26836 Words

CAPITAL STRUCTURE MANAGEMENT IN NEPAL (A CASE STUDY ON NABIL, NIBL, NEA, NTC HGICL) Table of Contents: Recommendation I Viva- Voce Sheet II Declaration III Acknowledgement IV List of Figures V List of Tables VI Abbreviation VII CHAPTER I. INTRODUCTION Pg No. 1. Background of the study 1 2. History of bank 5 3. Growth of industries in Nepal 5 4. Statement of problem 7 5. Objectives of the study 8 6.†¦show more content†¦Title Page No. 4.1 Presentation of Earning Per Share (EPS) 58 4.2 Presentation of Financial Leverage (FL) 59 4.3 Correlation Coefficient between Equity and Debt 68 4.4 Existing trend of profit 69 4.5 Projection of profit (Trend Analysis) 69 ABBREVIATIONS Co. :Company F/Y :Fiscal Year Fig. :Figure HGICL :Himalayan General Insurance Company Limited i.e. :That is Ltd. :Limited Mio. :Million NABIL :Nabil Bank Limited NEA :Nepal Electricity Authority NIBL :Nepal Investment Bank Limited. NTC :Nepal Tele Communication No. :Number NPR :Nepalese Rupees Rs. :Rupees S.N. :Serial Number Vol. :Volume Yr. :Year CHAPTER –ONE 1. INTRODUCTION 1. Background of the study:- Economic development is the backbone of the development of a nation. The economic development of Nepal is backward in comparison to other developed and developing countries. For theShow MoreRelatedThesis on Capital Structure26846 Words   |  108 PagesCAPITAL STRUCTURE MANAGEMENT IN NEPAL (A CASE STUDY ON NABIL, NIBL, NEA, NTC HGICL) Table of Contents: Recommendation I Viva- Voce Sheet II Declaration III Acknowledgement IV List of Figures V List of Tables VI Abbreviation VII CHAPTER I. INTRODUCTION Pg No. 1. Background of the study 1 2Read MoreManagement Activity Analysis in Small and Medium Sized Enterprise and Multinational Companies Context 1658 Words   |  7 Pagesthe value addition and exports for big industrial establishments. 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